Liposomal encapsulation of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) improved nanoparticle uptake and induced redox imbalance to activate caspase-dependent apoptosis

Macrophages play a crucial role in several diseases’ development and progression, such as in cancer and arthritis through ROS generation and infammation. This makes macrophages a therapeutic target in these diseases. While silver nanoparticles (AgNP) have been widely used as an antibacterial and investigated as anticancer, its potential against macrophages may be limited due to its inherent oxidative mechanism. Here we encapsulated AgNP in a dipalmitoyl-phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) liposome (forming Lipo-AgNP) to suppress AgNP-induced ROS and enhance its cytotoxicity against THP1-diferentiated macrophages (TDM). Our fndings showed that while Lipo-AgNP had signifcantly more of a cytotoxic efect on TDMs (p\u3c0.01), it also signifcantly suppressed AgNP induced ROS generation and unexpectedly suppressed reduced glutathione (GSH) levels (p\u3c0.05) resulting in a redox imbalance in comparison to the unexposed control TDMs. Lipo-AgNP was also found to cause an increase DNA damage through H2AX histone phosphorylation and inhibition of Bcl-2 protein expression. This increased the Bax/Bcl2 ratio causing possible release of cytochrome C and subsequent caspase 3/7-dependent apoptosis. It was found that the diference between the mechanism of AgNP and Lipo-AgNP cytotoxicity may have been through the signifcantly increased Lipo-AgNP uptake by the TDMs as early as 30 min post-exposure (p\u3c0.05), changing the nanoparticle pharmacokinetic. In conclusion, the improved uptake of AgNP within the liposome caused ROS-independent caspase activation induced by Lipo-AgNP and this was facilitated by increased DNA damage, the induced redox imbalance and an increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio

ZNAČAJ EFEKTIVNOG BROJA KLONOVA U KLONSKIM SJEMENSKIM PLANTAŽAMA: KOMPARATIVNO ISTRAŽIVANJE ZA SEDAM CRNOGORIČNIH VRSTA U TURSKOJ

The Mediterranean Basin is one of the major plant diversity centers in the northern hemisphere. The Eastern Mediterranean Basin is also a hotspot region of gene diversity for conifer species. In this study, Turkey’s conifer seed orchards were investigated for their effective number of clones. The mean census number of clones (N) was estimated 33.12. The mean effective number of clones (Nc) was calculated as 27.59. The mean relative effective number of clones (Nr = Nc/N) was 0.827. The estimated proportional gene diversity was found 0.973, with a range from 0.922 to 0.983. Thus, considerable attention should be given to use nearly equal ramet numbers during seed orchard establishment and management operations. Threats such as climatic change, fire, disease and insects should be considered during seed orchards establishment. High number of populations from wide range of species should be sampled and seed orchards should be established locally depending on ecological requirements of species. This is also essential for sustainable management of forest genetic resources. Information both from phenotypic selection and molecular genetic analysis should be used to establish future seed orchards.Mediteranski bazen jedan je od glavnih središta biljne raznolikosti u Sjevernoj hemisferi. Istočni Mediteran također je područje iznimne genetske raznolikosti četinjača. Istra­živanjem su obuhvaćene klonske sjemenske plantaže Turske s ciljem utvrđivanja efektivnog broja klonova. Srednji broj klonova (N) procijenjen je na 33,12. Srednji efektivni broj klonova (Nc) iznosi 27,59, a srednji relativni efektivni broj klonova (Nr = Nc / N) je 0,827. Procijenjeni proporcionalni genetski diverzitet iznosio je 0,973, s rasponom od 0,922 – 0,983. Stoga je potrebno voditi računa da se koristi gotovo podjednaki broj rameta tijekom osnivanja i održavanja klonskih sjemenskih plantaža. Prijetnje poput klimatskih promjena, požara, bolesti i kukaca moraju se uzeti u obzir kod osnivanja plantaža. Potrebno je uzorkovati velik broj populacija sa šireg područja, a klonske sjemenske plantaže najbolje je osnivati lokalno uvažavajući ekološka obilježja četinjača. Ovime se također osigurava održivo gospodarenje šumskim genetskim bogatstvom. Kod osnivanja budućih klonskih sjemenskih plantaža nužno je pribaviti podatke o fenotipskoj selekciji kao i rezultate molekularne genetičke analize potencijalnih klonova

ZNAČAJ EFEKTIVNOG BROJA KLONOVA U KLONSKIM SJEMENSKIM PLANTAŽAMA: KOMPARATIVNO ISTRAŽIVANJE ZA SEDAM CRNOGORIČNIH VRSTA U TURSKOJ

The Mediterranean Basin is one of the major plant diversity centers in the northern hemisphere. The Eastern Mediterranean Basin is also a hotspot region of gene diversity for conifer species. In this study, Turkey’s conifer seed orchards were investigated for their effective number of clones. The mean census number of clones (N) was estimated 33.12. The mean effective number of clones (Nc) was calculated as 27.59. The mean relative effective number of clones (Nr = Nc/N) was 0.827. The estimated proportional gene diversity was found 0.973, with a range from 0.922 to 0.983. Thus, considerable attention should be given to use nearly equal ramet numbers during seed orchard establishment and management operations. Threats such as climatic change, fire, disease and insects should be considered during seed orchards establishment. High number of populations from wide range of species should be sampled and seed orchards should be established locally depending on ecological requirements of species. This is also essential for sustainable management of forest genetic resources. Information both from phenotypic selection and molecular genetic analysis should be used to establish future seed orchards.Mediteranski bazen jedan je od glavnih središta biljne raznolikosti u Sjevernoj hemisferi. Istočni Mediteran također je područje iznimne genetske raznolikosti četinjača. Istra­živanjem su obuhvaćene klonske sjemenske plantaže Turske s ciljem utvrđivanja efektivnog broja klonova. Srednji broj klonova (N) procijenjen je na 33,12. Srednji efektivni broj klonova (Nc) iznosi 27,59, a srednji relativni efektivni broj klonova (Nr = Nc / N) je 0,827. Procijenjeni proporcionalni genetski diverzitet iznosio je 0,973, s rasponom od 0,922 – 0,983. Stoga je potrebno voditi računa da se koristi gotovo podjednaki broj rameta tijekom osnivanja i održavanja klonskih sjemenskih plantaža. Prijetnje poput klimatskih promjena, požara, bolesti i kukaca moraju se uzeti u obzir kod osnivanja plantaža. Potrebno je uzorkovati velik broj populacija sa šireg područja, a klonske sjemenske plantaže najbolje je osnivati lokalno uvažavajući ekološka obilježja četinjača. Ovime se također osigurava održivo gospodarenje šumskim genetskim bogatstvom. Kod osnivanja budućih klonskih sjemenskih plantaža nužno je pribaviti podatke o fenotipskoj selekciji kao i rezultate molekularne genetičke analize potencijalnih klonova

Implementasi Dan Analisis Server Bigbluebutton Dalam Pemanfaatan Meeting Online Pada Masa Pandemic

The need for video converence is something that cannot be ignored. Amid the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak all sectors must utilize this technology. Such is the case with Semarang Islamic State University Walisongo. Where UIN Walisongo requires all students, lecturers and education personnel to remain at home in an effort to comply with government regulations as an effort to prevent this outbreak. Therefore, to find a solution for communication to stay connected, a system for online meetings was built that could be used by students and lecturers as a medium of online learning, and the education staff and leaders to be able to always be connected in the midst of the covid outbreak

Implementasi Dan Analisis Server Bigbluebutton Dalam Pemanfaatan Meeting Online Pada Masa Pandemic

The need for video converence is something that cannot be ignored. Amid the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak all sectors must utilize this technology. Such is the case with Semarang Islamic State University Walisongo. Where UIN Walisongo requires all students, lecturers and education personnel to remain at home in an effort to comply with government regulations as an effort to prevent this outbreak. Therefore, to find a solution for communication to stay connected, a system for online meetings was built that could be used by students and lecturers as a medium of online learning, and the education staff and leaders to be able to always be connected in the midst of the covid outbreak

Liposomal Encapsulation of Silver Nanoparticles Enhances Cytotoxicity and Causes Induction of Reactive Oxygen Species‐ Independent Apoptosis

Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are one of the most widely investigated metallic NPs due to their promising antibacterial activities. In recent years, AgNP research has shifted beyond antimicrobial use to potential applications in the medical arena. This shift coupled with the extensive commercial applications of AgNP will further increase human exposure and the subsequent risk of adverse effects that may result from repeated exposures and inefficient delivery, meaning research into improved AgNP delivery is of paramount importance. In this study, AgNP were encapsulated in a natural biosurfactant, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, in an attempt to enhance the intracellular delivery and simultaneously mediate the associated cytotoxicity of the AgNP. It was noted that because of the encapsulation, liposomal AgNP (Lipo-AgNP) at 0.625g ml(-1) induced significant cell death in THP1 cell lines a notably lower dose than that of the uncoated AgNP induced cytotoxicity. The induced cytotoxicity was shown to result in an increased level of DNA fragmentation resulting in a cell cycle interruption at the S phase. It was shown that the predominate form of cell death upon exposure to both uncoated AgNP and Lipo-AgNP was apoptosis. However, a reactive oxygen species-independent activation of the executioner caspases 3/7 occurred when exposed to the Lipo-AgNP. These findings showed that encapsulation of AgNP enhance AgNP cytotoxicity and mediates a reactive oxygen species-independent induction of apoptosis

Ant Colony Optimization for Resolving Unit Commitment Issues by Considering Reliability Constraints

Unit Commitment or generator scheduling is one of complex combination issues aiming to obtain the cheapest generating power total costs. Ant Colony Optimization is proposed as a method to solve Unit Commitment issues because it has a better result convergence according to one of journals that reviews methods to solve Unit Commitment issues. Ant Colony Optimization modification into Nodal Ant Colony Optimization as well as addition of several elements are also conducted to overcome Ant Colony Optimization limitations in resolving Unit Commitment issues. Nodal Ant Colony Optimization simulations are then compared with Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing methods which previously has similar simulations. Reliability index combination in a form of Loss of Load Probability and Expected Unserved Energy are also added as reliability constraints in the system. Comparison of three methods shows that Nodal Ant Colony Optimization is able to provide better results up to 0.08% cheaper than Genetic Algorithm or Simulated Annealing methods

PENGARUH BIAYA PRODUKSI DAN HARGA JUAL TERHADAP PENDAPATAN PETANI CABAI MERAH DI DESA PELOMPEK KECAMATAN GUNUNG TUJUH KABUPATEN KERINCI

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mencari Pengaruh Biaya Produksi dan Harga Jual Terhadap Pendapatan Petani Cabai Merah di Desa Pelompek Kecamatan Gunung Tujuh Kabupaten Kerinci. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kuantitatif deskriptif. Sampel pada penelitian ini diambil sebanyak 91 responden dengan menggunakan metode Slovin dengan respondennya Petani Cabai Merah di Desa Pelompek. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa variabel independen Biaya Produksi (X1) berpengaruh positif secara parsial dan signifikan terhadap variabel dependen Pendapatan (Y). Hal ini dibuktikan dengan nilai signifikansi 0,001 yang artinya Ha diterima dan Ho ditolak. Selanjutnya variabel independen Harga Jual (X2) menunjukan bahwa terdapat pengaruh positif secara parsial dan signifikan terhadap variabel dependen Pendapatan (Y). Hal tersebut dibuktikan dengan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,000 yang artinya Ha diterima Ho ditolak. Biaya Produksi dan Harga Jual secara Simultan dan bersama-sama berpengaruh signifikan terhadap Pendapatan. Hal tersebut dibuktikan dengan Uji F diketahui nilai signifikansi untuk (X1) dan (X2) secara simultan berpengaruh terhadap (Y) sebesar 0,001. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa Ha diterima Ho ditolak. Hal ini memiliki arti bahwa semakin tinggi Biaya Produksi dan Harga Jual maka akan berpengaruh terhadap pendapatan

Synthesis, Characterization, and Antimicrobial Properties of a New Ligand and Its Pd(II), Ru(II), Fe(II), Co(II) Complexes

Schiff bases and their complexes are versatile compounds synthesized from the condensation of an amino compound with carbonyl compounds and widely used for industrial purposes and also exhibit a broad range of biological activities including antifungal, antibacterial, antimalarial, antiproliferative, antiviral, and antipyretic properties. In this study, the complexes of (E)-2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)-6-methyl4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo[b]thiophene-3-carbonitrile (L) with Co(II), Fe(II), Pd(II) and Ru(II) were successfully prepared. Structures of Schiff base and its metal complexes obtained were confirmed by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13CNMR, UV–vis, magnetic susceptibility, mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Antimicrobial activity of the synthesized Schiff base and its metal complexes have been studied. When the antimicrobial activities of the compounds were examined, it was observed that the lowest activity was exhibited by the ligand, and the highest activity was exhibited by the Co(II) and Pd(II) complexes. None of our compounds were been found to exhibit antifungal activity

Compressor Valve Maintenance on CC 205 UPT Locomotive Depot Divre IV Tanjung Karang

The CC 205 locomotive at the UPT Locomotive Depot Divre IV Tanjung Karang is a train that uses diesel fuel. The locomotive at UPT Locomotive Depot Divre IV Tanjung Karang experienced compressor damage, which required component replacement. This research aims to identify and carry out the process of treating valve leaks in locomotive compressors. Observation, interview, and documentation are used to obtain appropriate data and results. Maintenance carried out on this locomotive is necessary so that the CC 205 locomotive can be used optimally without any doubt. Maintenance is an activity in maintaining existing facilities by carrying out repairs or replacements necessary to maintain the condition of these components so that they are always in maximum condition. The analysis results show that air leaks in the compressor caused by compressor valve leaks can cause the pressure in the main tank not to be filled