Determinants of Selected Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria: An Ecm Approach

This study examines the factors that determine the export performance of three major agricultural exportable commodities of cocoa, rubber and palm-kernel in the context of liberalization. Using time series data covering thirty three years and to avoid spurious result, error correction model was applied in the analysis. The unit root test is in line with the a priori expectation that macroeconomic variables are not stationary at their level. Virtually all the variables tested were differenced once before attaining stationarity. Each of the three equations indicated that the dependent variables cointegrated with their arguments at 1 percent level. There is the existence of short term and long term equilibrium relationships between the dependent variables and their determinants. The results of the parsimonious error correction specifications showed that the previous year’s output and the net value of world trade negatively affect cocoa exports at 1 percent level while the previous year’s GDP positively contributes to cocoa exports at 5 percent. The lagged price ratio reduces rubber exports significantly at 5 percent but the real exchange rate significantly increases the export performance of rubber at 10 percent level. The previous year’s exports of palm kernel and the real GDP contributed positively to palm-kernel exports at 5 percent level while the lagged premium and palm kernel output negatively contributed to its export at 5 percent and 10 percent respectively. Promotion of agricultural exports is essential to reduce the burden of dependence on oil exportsAgricultural exports, Cointegration, ECM, Nigeria, Agricultural and Food Policy, Community/Rural/Urban Development, Crop Production/Industries, Demand and Price Analysis, Farm Management, Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety, Food Security and Poverty, Industrial Organization, International Relations/Trade, Marketing, Productivity Analysis, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,

Efficient algorithm for current spectral density calculation in single-electron tunneling and hopping

This write-up describes an efficient numerical method for the Monte Carlo calculation of the spectral density of current in the multi-junction single-electron devices and hopping structures. In future we plan to expand this write-up into a full-size paper.Comment: 4 page

Quantum Phase Transition from a Spin-liquid State to a Spin-glass State in the Quasi-1D Spin-1 System Sr1-xCaxNi2V2O8

We report a quantum phase transition from a spin-liquid state to a spin-glass state in the quasi-one dimensional (1D) spin-1 system Sr1-xCaxNi2V2O8, induced by a small amount of Ca-substitution at Sr site. The ground state of the parent compound (x = 0) is found to be a spin-liquid type with a finite energy gap of 26.6 K between singlet ground state and triplet excited state. Both dc-magnetization and ac-susceptibility studies on the highest Ca-substituted compound (x = 0.05) indicate a spin-glass type magnetic ground state. With increasing Ca-concentration, the spin-glass ordering temperature increases from 4.5 K (for the x = 0.015 compound) to 6.25 K (for the x = 0.05 compound). The observed results are discussed in the light of the earlier experimental reports and the theoretical predictions for a quasi-1D spin-1 system.Comment: 26 pages, 8 figures, 3 table

Cooperative International Direct Marketing: An Alternative for Asian-Pacific Countries to Increase Exports to Industrial Market Economies

Exporters from Asian-Pacific Countries can successfully establish marketing presence in Industrial Market Economies by directly marketing products in these country markets. Direct marketing potential in Industrial Marketing Economies can be determined by examining two critical factors: the direct marketing infrastructure and emerging environmental changes. Although the resource requirement for direct marketing is quite substantial, exporters, who combine their resources to engage in cooperative international direct marketing, will find it easier to establish marketing presence in Industrial Market Economics

Improving water resource management in Bangladesh

As populations expand and make various uses of water, its growing scarcity becomes a serious issue in developing countries such as Bangladesh. Water can no longer be considered a totally free resource and plans must be developed for its efficient use through better management and rules that preserve everybody's access to it and interest in its development. Because it is a common resource, its development and management should involve all beneficiaries. The government's role in this process is to establish the ground rules for water use and conservation through a policy and legal framework and a monitoring system that ensure its continued safety of supply to--and responsible water use by--every sector and user in the economy. National water policy must set the ground rules for allocation to different users, water rights, pricing, and environmental safety. Bangladesh's water strategy should start with a national water policy that spells out key objectives such as priority of use by critical economic sectors, approaches to water pricing and cost recovery for development, and shared public- and private-sector water management. An apex public planning organization is needed to perform overall planning for water resources and to advise the National Water Counsel on policy and legislation. Also needed are agencies to implement public water plans for the development of infrastructure, the monitoring of water regimes, and the enforcement of regulations.Water Conservation,Water Resources Law,Water and Industry,Environmental Economics&Policies,Decentralization,Water Supply and Sanitation Governance and Institutions,Town Water Supply and Sanitation,Water and Industry,Water Conservation,Environmental Economics&Policies

Electromagnetic emission-aware schedulers for the uplink of OFDM wireless communication systems

The popularity and convergence of wireless communications have resulted in continuous network upgrades in order to support the increasing demand for bandwidth. However, given that wireless communication systems operate on radiofrequency waves, the health effects of electromagnetic emission from these systems are increasingly becoming a concern due to the ubiquity of mobile communication devices. In order to address these concerns, we propose two schemes (offline and online) for minimizing the EM emission of users in the uplink of OFDM systems, while maintaining an acceptable quality of service. We formulate our offline EM reduction scheme as a convex optimization problem and solve it through water-filling. This is based on the assumption that the long-term channel state information of all the users is known. Given that, in practice, long-term channel state information of all the users cannot always be available, we propose our online EM emission reduction scheme, which is based on minimizing the instantaneous transmit energy per bit of each user. Simulation results show that both our proposed schemes significantly minimize the EM emission when compared to the benchmark classic greedy spectral efficiency based scheme and an energy efficiency based scheme. Furthermore, our offline scheme proves to be very robust against channel prediction errors

The Incidence of Repeat Breeding in Dairy Cows Under Tropical Condition

The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence of repeat breeding in dairy cows under tropical condition. This was a preliminary study conducted in Sinjai Regency, Indonesia. A total of 82 Holstein Friesian lactating cows from five dairy farmer groups were used in the present study. Of the 82 cows, 75.6% eventually became pregnant after repeated inseminations (AI). The incidence of repeat breeding in this area was very high (62%). Days in milk (DIM) at first AI, first AI conception rate, and calving to conception interval were 62.5±19.3 days, 0%, and 202.8±150.0 days, respectively. There was no difference in DIM at first AI between repeat breeders and normal fertility cows (60.4±15.2 days vs 68.3±28.6 days). However, normal fertility cows required only 123.3±52.9 days to conceive and 2.4±0.8 inseminations per pregnancy, whereas repeat breeders required significantly more days to conceive (222.9±134.1 days) and more inseminations per pregnancy (4.8±0.9). In conclusion, repeat breeder dairy cows under tropical condition had very poor and reduced reproductive performance

BUDAYA SEKOLAH SMA KOLESE DE BRITTO SEBAGAI SEKOLAH BERPREDIKAT PERPUSTAKAAN TERBAIK SE DIY

Tujuan penelitian ini pertama mendeskripsikan budaya SMA Kolese De Britto. Kedua mendeskripsikan keterkaitan pengelolaan perpustakaan dan budaya yang berkembang di sekolah. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Pengambilan sampel penelitian menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Sampel penelitian terdiri dari Direksi, Guru, siswa, dan Pustakawan. Validasi data penelitian ini menggunakan trianggulasi sumber data. Proses analisa data menggunakan analisis kualitatif model interaktif Milles & Huberman. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa SMA Kolese De Britto adalah sekolah yang khas. Budaya sekolah SMA Kolese De Britto dapat dilihat dalam tiga wujud, yaitu wujud ide berupa visi misi yang mudah dipahami dan gagasan teknis pelaksanaan proses pembelajaran, wujud aktifitas berupa interaksi warga sekolah di dalam kelas dan di luar kelas dan wujud fisik berupa kondisi bangungan dan prasarana lainnya. Budaya yang berkembang sebagai berikut, pendidikan bebas, center of leadership, cura personale, dan keteladanan. Pendidikan bebas adalah konsep dasar, center of leadership adalah visi sekolah yang menekankan pada empat karakter kepemimpinan, kompeten, berbela rasa, dan berhati nurani benar. Cura personale adalah metode yang dikembangkan sekolah agar masing-masing siswa mengenali potensinya, sehingga menjadi pemimpin yang kompeten, berbela rasa dan berhati nurani benar. Keteladanan adalah budaya yang berkembang di Kolese De Britto, tetapi tidak tercantum dalam visi misi. Ada tiga keteladanan yang berkembang, pertama rasa memiliki terhadap sekolah, kedua disiplin, dan ketiga religiusitas. Keterkaitan pengelolaan perpustakaan sekolah dan budaya sekolah adalah perpustakaan sekolah SMA Kolese De Britto sebagai unit kerja pendukung ketercapaian karakter pemimpin yang kompeten. Kontribusi pendukung itu, pertama program forum olah fikir, kedua menyediakan sumber belajar utama siswa dalam program Karya ilmiah dan kegiatan belajar mengajar regular. Kesan para siswa terhadap perpustakaan ada tiga, pertama perpustakaan sangat membantu mereka mencapai prestasi akademik. Kedua koleksi-koleksinya inspiratif untuk melihat realitas masyarakat dan ketiga perpustakaan adalah tempat yang nyaman dan menyenangkan. Kata kunci: kultur sekolah, Perpustakaan sekolah, SMA Kolese De Britt

A User Scheduling Scheme for Reducing Electromagnetic (EM) Emission in the Uplink of Mobile Communication Systems

The ubiquity and convergence of wireless communication services have contributed to an unprecedented popularity of mobile communications. Given that wireless communication systems operate on radiofrequency waves, the electromagnetic (EM) radiation exposure they generate is also unprecedented and, hence, this could have adverse health effects on both humans and animals according to the World Health Organization. In this paper, we propose a user scheduling/power allocation scheme to minimize the EM exposure of users subject to transmitting a target number of bits. Our user scheduling method is based on assigning priority levels to each user and the user with the lowest priority level is scheduled for transmission. Power allocation, on the other hand, is based on the water-filling approach over time by using the past channel gains of a user to compute its water level. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme performs much better than a spectral efficiency based scheme but has a higher EM emission in comparison with a non-practical ideal scheme