Design And Analysis Of Low Noise Amplifier Using Cadence

Low Noise Amplifier also known as LNA is one of the most significant component for application in wireless communication system. It is a very important part in RF receiver because it can reduce noise of gain by the amplifier when the noise of the amplifier is received directly. The low noise amplifier has been designed to get the better performance by follow the requirement in this new era consists of high gain, low noise figure, lower power consumption, small chip area, low cost and good input and output matching. In this research, a LNA schematic consists of three stages which are common gate amplifier, common drain amplifier and active inductor is designed to mitigate this constraint. Common gate and common drain are used for input and output stages in every LNA. Both are also used for excellent input and output matching and have a potential to get a lower noise whereas for active inductor, it is used to obtain the lower power consumption and to reduce the chip size in layout design. The results show that the proposed LNA is able to achieve the best performance with a simulated gain of 14.7dB, extremely lower power consumption of 0.8mW, noise figure of 7dB and small chip area 0.26mm². Consequently, this modified LNA is appropriate for low-voltage applications especially in wireless communication system

Low Power Operational Amplifier In 0.13um Technology

Low power is one of the most indispensable criteria in several of application. In this paper a low power operational amplifier consists of two stages and operates at 1.8V power. It is designed to meet a set of provided specification such as high gain and low power consumption. Designers are able to work at low input bias current and also at low voltage due to the unique behavior of the MOS transistors in sub-threshold region. This two-stage op-amp is designed using the Silterra 130nm technology library. The layout has been draw and its area had been calculated. The proposed two stage op-amp consists of NMOS current mirror as bias circuit, differential amplifier as the first stage and common source amplifier as the second stage. The first stage of an op-amp contributed high gain while the second stage contributes a moderate gain. The results show that the circuit is able to work at 1.8V power supply voltage (VDD) and provides gain of 69.73dB and 28.406MHz of gain bandwidth product for a load of 2pF capacitor. Therefore, the power dissipation and the consistency of this operational amplifier are better than previously reported operational amplifier

Correlation analysis between lightning flashes and rainfall rate during a flash flood thunderstorm

This paper presents the correlation analysis between lightning flashes and the rainfall rate of a thunderstorm when a flash flood event happened in Melaka on 11 August 2020. Four types of data have been collected from the electric field mill (EFM), fast antenna (FA) system, constant altitude plan position indicator (CAPPI) radar and world wide lightning location network (WWLLN). Two storms have been detected by the EFM occurred between 04:00:00 and 14:00:00. The FA system recorded a total of 33 lightning flashes had detected with the highest number occurrence of flashes which positive narrow bipolar event (+NBE) around 21 flashes, the maximum rainfall rate and reflectivity have been detected by radar during the first storm were 8 mm h-1 and 37 dBZ, respectively (light rain). During the second storm, there was a total of 980 lightning flashes detected by the FA system with the highest number occurrence of flashes around 429 flashes (IC), the highest value of rainfall rate and reflectivity is 50 mm h-1 and 50 dBZ, respectively (heavy rain). Analyses of the lightning and rainfall rate data also show a close link between the occurrence of major thunderstorms systems and flash flooding on a regional scal

Environmental Analysis Of Quasi-Static Electric Field Changes Of Tropical Lightning Flashes

The environmental conditions leading to the bouncing-wave discharge and the subsequent electron beam remain to be investigated in more detailed future studies. The analysis of quasi-static initial electric field changes (IECs) were found at the beginning of all 24 lightning flashes detected within reversal distance (22 Negative Cloud-to-Ground (–CG) and 2 normal Intra-Cloud (IC) flashes) in a tropical storm on June 15th, 2017 close to our station in Malacca, Malaysia (2.314077° N, 102.318282° E). The IECs durations averaged 4.28 ms for –CG flashes (range 1.48 to 9.45 ms) and averaged 11.30 ms for normal ICs flashes (range 7.24 to 15.35 ms). In comparison to Florida storms, the duration of IECs for –CG and IC flashes were 0.18 ms (range 0.08 to 0.33 ms) and 1.53 ms (range 0.18 to 5.70 ms), respectively. Moreover, the magnitudes of E-change for tropical thunderstorm were 0.13 V/m (range 0.03 to 0.44 V/m) for –CG flashes and-0.20 V/m (range-0.13 to-0.27 V/m) for IC flashes. The E-change magnitudes of tropical flashes are significantly larger than Florida flashes

Environmental Analysis Of Quasi-Static Electric Field Changes Of Tropical Lightning Flashes

The environmental conditions leading to the bouncing-wave discharge and the subsequent electron beam remain to be investigated in more detailed future studies. The analysis of quasi-static initial electric field changes (IECs) were found at the beginning of all 24 lightning flashes detected within reversal distance (22 Negative Cloud-to-Ground (–CG) and 2 normal Intra-Cloud (IC) flashes) in a tropical storm on June 15th, 2017 close to our station in Malacca, Malaysia (2.314077° N, 102.318282° E). The IECs durations averaged 4.28 ms for –CG flashes (range 1.48 to 9.45 ms) and averaged 11.30 ms for normal ICs flashes (range 7.24 to 15.35 ms). In comparison to Florida storms, the duration of IECs for –CG and IC flashes were 0.18 ms (range 0.08 to 0.33 ms) and 1.53 ms (range 0.18 to 5.70 ms), respectively. Moreover, the magnitudes of E-change for tropical thunderstorm were 0.13 V/m (range 0.03 to 0.44 V/m) for –CG flashes and-0.20 V/m (range-0.13 to-0.27 V/m) for IC flashes. The E-change magnitudes of tropical flashes are significantly larger than Florida flashes

Isoprene hotspots at the Western Coast of Antarctic Peninsula during MASEC′16

Isoprene (C5H8) plays an important role in the formation of surface ozone (O3) and the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) which contributed to the climate change. This study aims to determine hourly distribution of tropospheric isoprene over the Western Coast of Antarctic Peninsula (WCAP) during the Malaysian Antarctic Scientific Expedition Cruise 2016 (MASEC′16). In-situ measurements of isoprene were taken using a custom-built gas chromatography with photoionization detector, known as iDirac. Biological parameters such as chlorophyll a (chl-a) and particulate organic carbon (POC) were compared to the in-situ isoprene measurements. Significant positive correlation was observed between isoprene and POC concentrations (r2 = 0.67, p < 0.001), but not between isoprene and chl-a. The hotspots of isoprene over maritime Antarctic were then were investigated using NAME dispersion model reanalysis. Measurements showed that isoprene mixing ratio were the highest over region of King George Island, Deception Island and Booth Island with values of ∼5.0, ∼0.9 and ∼5.2 ppb, respectively. Backward trajectory analysis showed that air masses may have lifted the isoprene emitted by marine algae. We believe our findings provide valuable data set of isoprene estimation over the under sampled WCAP

Pareto ANOVA Analysis for Two-Stage Op-amp by using CMOS 0.18 µm

This paper presents Pareto ANOVA analysis technique as an alternative analysis to analyze the selected optimization parameters in two-stage op-amp. Three input parameters and two output parameters based on standard L_27 (3^13) in Taguchi method have been used for optimization processes. Three input parameters are W/L ratio at transistor M8, M9 and M7 and also known as factor A, B and C. The aimed of two outputs in this op-amp are power dissipation and gain. This op-amp has been implemented by using CMOS 0.18 µm and has been verified by using Mentor Graphic. From the simulation results, it is found that level 16 has been chosen as the best selected combinations produced by Taguchi method. Next, Pareto ANOVA analysis will be implemented in the optimization process to ensure the selected combinations that produced by Taguchi method is the best combinations that able to optimum the value of gain and power in the two stage op-amp. From the analysis that have been done, it showed that factor B gives major impact in power dissipation and factor A and B give major impact to the gain

Characteristic Of Tweek Atmospherics Observed in Mid-latitude Using AWESOME VLF Receiver

This study presents the analysis of tweek atmospherics received by AWESOME VLF receiver at station of Gakona (62.71°N, 143.99°W) during four months observation from January to April 2011. Tweek which originates from lightning discharge are used to monitor the nighttime D-region ionosphere using the fundamental cut-off frequency to measure the variations of the lower ionosphere’s reflection height, the equivalent electron density at the reflection height and the propagation distance travel by tweeks. In this study, a total of 1316 tweeks are analyzed and from the analysis, it shows that equinox’s season has the highest tweek occurrence compared to winter season in March and April. The maximum harmonic (m) of t weeks is found to be up to fourth (m = 4) and tweeks with mode number one (m = 1) are more dominantly occurred. Our observations indicate that the equivalent electron densities for tweeks varies from 22-27 eL/cm3 in the altitude ranged of 75 to 91 km and demonstrate that these ELF/VLF signals travel considerable distances up to 6700 km from the causative lightning discharges. The ionospheric parameters for three locations (high, middle and low latitude respectively) were compared and the results show that they are almost consistent for all the locations

Pareto ANOVA analysis for CMOS 0.18 mm two-stage Op-amp

a b s t r a c t This paper presents a Pareto ANOVA analysis technique as an alternative way to analyze some selected optimization parameters in two-stage op-amp. Three input parameters and two output parameters based on standard L 27 (3 13 ) in Taguchi method have been chosen in this optimization methodology. The input parameters are selected based on the value of W/L ratio at three transistors which are transistor M8, M9 and M7. Two types of outputs have been aimed to optimize which are power dissipation and gain. This op-amp has been constructed by using CMOS technology 0.18 mm and the results have been verified by using a Mentor Graphic EldoSpice. From the analysis, it is found that level 16 has been chosen as an optimal combination produced by a Taguchi method. After this, Pareto ANOVA technique will be applied to analyze the effect of selected input parameters in achieving optimum gain and power of the two stage op-amp. The analysis showed that the value of W/L ratio at transistor M9 gives a major impact on power dissipation and value of W/L ratio at transistors M8 and M9 give a major impact on gain. This study also shows that Pareto ANOVA is an easier method to analyze circuit parameters

Occurrence of positive cloud-to-ground lightning during flash flood in Malacca

In the tropics, the occurrence of positive Cloud-To-Ground (CG) flash is less frequent, but it can produce strokes with higher peak currents than negative CG. Thus, positive CG flashes are potentially more fatal and dangerous than negative CG flashes. Moreover, a recent study found that positive CG flashes are related to flash flood occurrence. In this paper, electromagnetic fields of 63 positive CG flashes detected from a storm when a flash flood event happened in Malacca on 20 October 2021 are analyzed. All positive CG flashes have been detected close to the lightning sensor located in Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka where some of the flashes were detected within reversal distance. The characteristics of the slow electric field changes show that the cloud responsible for the flash flood event was having an ordinary tripolar charge structure