Khilafiyah furu‘iyyah: Satu tinjauan pandangan HAMKA dalam fafsir Al-Azhar

Khilafiah adalah merupakan petanda bahawa suatu bangsa dalam sesebuah negara itu bebas berpegang dengan suatu fahaman dan mempunyai semangat toleransi yang tinggi. Umat Islam di Indonesia lebih banyak bersatu daripada berpecah belah. Mereka hanya berselisih pendapat dalam perkara cabang (furu‘) dan bukannya dalam hal dasar (usul). Walaupun kadang-kadang berlaku perbezaan pendapat, namun umat Islam hendaklah berlapang dada serta tidak saling tuduh menuduh di antara satu sama lain. HAMKA melalui Tafsir Al-Azharnya tidak ketinggalan mengupas persoalan ini, kupasan beliau merangkumi kebaikan dan keburukan khilafiah. Seterusnya kertas kerja ini juga akan membicarakan tentang khilafiyah yang berkaitan usalli, ru’yah dan hisab, bilangan rakaat tarawih serta bacaan qunut. HAMKA banyak bertoleransi dalam soal khilafiah dan tidak terlalu menimbulkan pertentangan dalam soal ini, keadaan ini membuktikan bahawa beliau adalah seorang ulama yang amat rasional dalam berfikir, dengan ini ramai daripada kalangan kelompok lain dapat menerima kehadiran dan pendapat beliau

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.</p

Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol

High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol�which is a marker of cardiovascular risk�changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95 credible interval 3.7 million�4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world. © 2020, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited

Rising rural body-mass index is the main driver of the global obesity epidemic in adults

Body-mass index (BMI) has increased steadily in most countries in parallel with a rise in the proportion of the population who live in cities 1,2 . This has led to a widely reported view that urbanization is one of the most important drivers of the global rise in obesity 3�6 . Here we use 2,009 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in more than 112 million adults, to report national, regional and global trends in mean BMI segregated by place of residence (a rural or urban area) from 1985 to 2017. We show that, contrary to the dominant paradigm, more than 55 of the global rise in mean BMI from 1985 to 2017�and more than 80 in some low- and middle-income regions�was due to increases in BMI in rural areas. This large contribution stems from the fact that, with the exception of women in sub-Saharan Africa, BMI is increasing at the same rate or faster in rural areas than in cities in low- and middle-income regions. These trends have in turn resulted in a closing�and in some countries reversal�of the gap in BMI between urban and rural areas in low- and middle-income countries, especially for women. In high-income and industrialized countries, we noted a persistently higher rural BMI, especially for women. There is an urgent need for an integrated approach to rural nutrition that enhances financial and physical access to healthy foods, to avoid replacing the rural undernutrition disadvantage in poor countries with a more general malnutrition disadvantage that entails excessive consumption of low-quality calories. © 2019, The Author(s)

A century of trends in adult human height

Being taller is associated with enhanced longevity, and higher education and earnings. We reanalysed 1472 population-based studies, with measurement of height on more than 18.6 million participants to estimate mean height for people born between 1896 and 1996 in 200 countries. The largest gain in adult height over the past century has occurred in South Korean women and Iranian men, who became 20.2 cm (95% credible interval 17.5-22.7) and 16.5 cm (13.3-19.7) taller, respectively. In contrast, there was little change in adult height in some sub-Saharan African countries and in South Asia over the century of analysis. The tallest people over these 100 years are men born in the Netherlands in the last quarter of 20th century, whose average heights surpassed 182.5 cm, and the shortest were women born in Guatemala in 1896 (140.3 cm; 135.8-144.8). The height differential between the tallest and shortest populations was 19-20 cm a century ago, and has remained the same for women and increased for men a century later despite substantial changes in the ranking of countries

Faktor mempengaruhi kegagalan penjualan harta tanah perdagangan jenis rumah kedai

Laporan Jabatan Penilaian dan Perkhidmatan Harta (JPPH) merekodkan sejumlah 5,931 unit rumah kedai di Malaysia telah siap dibina tetapi tidak terjual dimana Negeri Sembilan mencatatkan jumlah kedua tertinggi selepas negeri Johor. Kajian ke atas rumah kedai siap dibina tidak terjual di Bandar Baru Nilai menjadi sampel kajian memandangkan ia terletak berdekatan dengan lapangan terbang Antarabangasa KLIA, Litar Antarabangsa Sepang, institusi-institusi pendidikan dan dikelilingi oleh skim-skim perumahan, tetapi masih terdapat lambakan rumah kedai yang siap dibina dan tidak terjual. Fokus penyelidikan ini adalah untuk mengenalpasti faktor-faktor kegagalan penjualan rumah kedai di Bandar Baru Nilai dan seterusnya menentukan faktor kritikal kegagalan penjualan harta tanah perdagangan jenis rumah kedai di bandar baru. Data kajian diperoleh daripada sumber literatur dan soalan kaji selidik dengan pemaju, Majlis Perbandaran, pembeli/penyewa dan penduduk setempat. Faktor-faktor yang dikenalpasti adalah faktor ekonomi, demografi, politik, lokasi, kemudahan asas dan awam, pinjaman kewangan, fizikal produk, harga atau sewa pasaran, dan stok rumah kedai semasa produk siap untuk dihuni, faktor pemaju dan faktor mas

Compositional and structural characterization of Heterostructure InGaN-based light-emitting diode by high resolution x-ray diffraction

This paper focuses on the compositional and structural characterization of InGaN-based light-emitting diode (LED) using high resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD) system. The LED was epitaxially grown on Si (111) substrate that comprises of In0.11Ga0.89N multi-quantum-well (MQW) active layer. Phase analysis 2θ-scan proved the composition of GaN (0002) and (0004) at 34.63o and 72.98o,respectively. Rocking curve φ-scan showed six significant peaks of the hexagonal GaN structures with consistent angular gaps of ~60o. From x-ray rocking curve (XRC) ω-scan, screw and mix dislocation density is found as 2.85 × 109 cm-2, while pure edge dislocation density is found as 2.23 × 1011 cm-2

Drag Performance of Twist Morphing MAV Wing

Morphing wing is one of latest evolution found on MAV wing. However, due to few design problems such as limited MAV wing size and complicated morphing mechanism, the understanding of its aerodynamic behaviour was not fully explored. In fact, the basic drag distribution induced by a morphing MAV wing is still remained unknown. Thus, present work is carried out to compare the drag performance between a twist morphing wing with membrane and rigid MAV wing design. A quasi-static aeroelastic analysis by using the Ansys-Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) method is utilized in current works to predict the drag performance a twist morphing MAV wing design. Based on the drag pattern study, the results exhibits that the morphing wing has a partial similarities in overall drag pattern with the baseline (membrane and rigid) wing. However, based CD analysis, it shows that TM wing induced higher CD magnitude (between 25% to 82% higher) than to the baseline wing. In fact, TM wing also induced the largest CD increment (about 20% to 27%) among the wings. The visualization on vortex structure revealed that TM wing also produce larger tip vortex structure (compared to baseline wings) which presume to promote higher induce drag component and subsequently induce its higher CD performance

Drag Performance of Twist Morphing MAV Wing

Morphing wing is one of latest evolution found on MAV wing. However, due to few design problems such as limited MAV wing size and complicated morphing mechanism, the understanding of its aerodynamic behaviour was not fully explored. In fact, the basic drag distribution induced by a morphing MAV wing is still remained unknown. Thus, present work is carried out to compare the drag performance between a twist morphing wing with membrane and rigid MAV wing design. A quasi-static aeroelastic analysis by using the Ansys-Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) method is utilized in current works to predict the drag performance a twist morphing MAV wing design. Based on the drag pattern study, the results exhibits that the morphing wing has a partial similarities in overall drag pattern with the baseline (membrane and rigid) wing. However, based CD analysis, it shows that TM wing induced higher CD magnitude (between 25% to 82% higher) than to the baseline wing. In fact, TM wing also induced the largest CD increment (about 20% to 27%) among the wings. The visualization on vortex structure revealed that TM wing also produce larger tip vortex structure (compared to baseline wings) which presume to promote higher induce drag component and subsequently induce its higher CD performance

Physical properties and sensory acceptance of red palm olein-based low-fat ice cream added with guar gum and xanthan gum as stabilizers

Red palm olein (RPOL) is rich in nutritional and antioxidant compounds including carotenoids, tocopherols, and tocotrienols which makes it beneficial in food applications. However, to maintain the colloidal stability of RPOL in ice cream is challenging. Therefore, this study was carried out to formulate value-added ice creams supplemented with RPOL (0.1-5.0% w/w) in combination with guar gum (GG; 0.0-0.4% w/w) or xanthan gum (XG; 0.0-0.4% w/w) as stabilizers. Physical properties and sensory acceptance of these ice creams were determined in comparison with selected commercial ice cream samples (CM-ice creams). Ice cream with 0.1% RPOL and 0.4% guar gum resembled CM-ice creams in terms of viscosity (9.08±0.05 Pa.s.), hardness (3.59±3.12 kg), and amount of melted ice cream/30 min (62.00±2.83%). Meanwhile, ice cream with 0.1% RPOL and 0.4% xanthan gum was similar with CM-ice creams in their viscosity (9.19±0.04 Pa.s.) and hardness (0.60±0.25 kg), yet was relatively lower in the amount of melted ice cream/30 min (33.46±5.06%). All ice creams appeared red and yellow due to the presence of RPOL, and the colour intensity was enhanced with the presence of the stabilizers. The RPOL-based ice creams displayed lower score in sensory properties than those of CM-ice creams, thus highlighted the necessary attributes that need to be improved in future studies