Визначення стабільності електроліту та умов для осадження електрохромних плівок WO3

The present research is devoted to finding the condition and intricacies of WO3 film electrodeposition from peroxotungstic acid-based electrolyte that can be used for real production process. For deposition of electrochromic WO3 films, the galvanostatic regime with following parameters is proposed: cathodic current density -0.2 mA/cm2, deposition time 30 min. The films prepared under such deposition parameters are transparent and had good adhesion to the substrate – the glass coated with fluorine-doped tin oxide. The averaged coloration degree for film deposited from fresh electrolyte is 10%, while for film deposited from regenerated electrolyte – 5 %. During investigation, the potential window in which WO3 film could be colored and bleached, without reduction of SnO2 to metallic tin is established. It is also demonstrated that electrolytes containing peroxotungstic acid are unstable and degrade over time. It is proposed to use hydrogen peroxide for regeneration of electrolyte. It is demonstrated that electrolyte can be partially regenerated with hydrogen peroxide.Для осаждения электрохромных пленок WO3 предложен гальваностатический режим: ic=-0.2 мА/cм2, 30 мин. Пленки, полученные в таких условиях, прозрачные, качественные и имеют хорошую адгезию к основе. Показано, что используемый электролит нестабильный и со временем меняет свои свойства. Для восстановления электролита предложено добавлять перекись водорода согласно рецептуре.Для осадження електрохромних плівок WO3 запропоновано гальваностатичний режим: ic=-0.2 мA/cм2, 30 хв. Плівки, отримані у таких умовах прозорі, якісні та мають гарну адгезію до основи. Показано, що використовуваний електроліт нестабільний та з часом змінює свої властивості. Для відновлення електроліту запропоновано додавати перекис водню згідно з рецептурою

Distemper, extinction, and vaccination of the Amur tiger

Canine distemper virus (CDV) has recently emerged as an extinction threat for the endangered Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica). CDV is vaccine-preventable, and control strategies could require vaccination of domestic dogs and/or wildlife populations. However, vaccination of endangered wildlife remains controversial, which has led to a focus on interventions in domestic dogs, often assumed to be the source of infection. Effective decision making requires an understanding of the true reservoir dynamics, which poses substantial challenges in remote areas with diverse host communities. We carried out serological, demographic, and phylogenetic studies of dog and wildlife populations in the Russian Far East to show that a number of wildlife species are more important than dogs, both in maintaining CDV and as sources of infection for tigers. Critically, therefore, because CDV circulates among multiple wildlife sources, dog vaccination alone would not be effective at protecting tigers. We show, however, that low-coverage vaccination of tigers themselves is feasible and would produce substantive reductions in extinction risks. Vaccination of endangered wildlife provides a valuable component of conservation strategies for endangered species

Визначення стабільності електроліту та умов для осадження електрохромних плівок WO3

The present research is devoted to finding the condition and intricacies of WO3 film electrodeposition from peroxotungstic acid-based electrolyte that can be used for real production process. For deposition of electrochromic WO3 films, the galvanostatic regime with following parameters is proposed: cathodic current density -0.2 mA/cm2, deposition time 30 min. The films prepared under such deposition parameters are transparent and had good adhesion to the substrate – the glass coated with fluorine-doped tin oxide. The averaged coloration degree for film deposited from fresh electrolyte is 10%, while for film deposited from regenerated electrolyte – 5 %. During investigation, the potential window in which WO3 film could be colored and bleached, without reduction of SnO2 to metallic tin is established. It is also demonstrated that electrolytes containing peroxotungstic acid are unstable and degrade over time. It is proposed to use hydrogen peroxide for regeneration of electrolyte. It is demonstrated that electrolyte can be partially regenerated with hydrogen peroxide.Для осаждения электрохромных пленок WO3 предложен гальваностатический режим: ic=-0.2 мА/cм2, 30 мин. Пленки, полученные в таких условиях, прозрачные, качественные и имеют хорошую адгезию к основе. Показано, что используемый электролит нестабильный и со временем меняет свои свойства. Для восстановления электролита предложено добавлять перекись водорода согласно рецептуре.Для осадження електрохромних плівок WO3 запропоновано гальваностатичний режим: ic=-0.2 мA/cм2, 30 хв. Плівки, отримані у таких умовах прозорі, якісні та мають гарну адгезію до основи. Показано, що використовуваний електроліт нестабільний та з часом змінює свої властивості. Для відновлення електроліту запропоновано додавати перекис водню згідно з рецептурою

The Determination of Electrolyte Stability and Conditions for Electrochromic WO3 Films Deposition

The present research is devoted to finding the condition and intricacies of WO3 film electrodeposition from peroxotungstic acid-based electrolyte that can be used for real production process. For deposition of electrochromic WO3 films, the galvanostatic regime with following parameters is proposed: cathodic current density -0.2 mA/cm2, deposition time 30 min. The films prepared under such deposition parameters are transparent and had good adhesion to the substrate – the glass coated with fluorine-doped tin oxide. The averaged coloration degree for film deposited from fresh electrolyte is 10%, while for film deposited from regenerated electrolyte – 5 %. During investigation, the potential window in which WO3 film could be colored and bleached, without reduction of SnO2 to metallic tin is established. It is also demonstrated that electrolytes containing peroxotungstic acid are unstable and degrade over time. It is proposed to use hydrogen peroxide for regeneration of electrolyte. It is demonstrated that electrolyte can be partially regenerated with hydrogen peroxide

Rapid development of mature vocal patterns of ultrasonic calls in a fast-growing rodent, the yellow steppe lemming (Eolagurus luteus).

Ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) of laboratory rodents may serve as age-dependent indicators of emotional arousal and anxiety. Fast-growing Arvicolinae rodent species might be advantageous wild-type animal models for behavioural and medical research related to USV ontogeny. For the yellow steppe lemming Eolagurus luteus, only audible calls of adults were previously described. This study provides categorization and spectrographic analyses of 1176 USV calls emitted by 120 individual yellow steppe lemmings at 12 age classes, from birth to breeding adults over 90 days (d) of age, 10 individuals per age class, up to 10 USV calls per individual. The USV calls emerged since 1st day of pup life and occurred at all 12 age classes and in both sexes. The unified 2-min isolation procedure on an unfamiliar territory was equally applicable for inducing USV calls at all age classes. Rapid physical growth (1 g body weight gain per day from birth to 40 d of age) and the early (9-12 d) eyes opening correlated with the early (9-12 d) emergence of mature vocal patterns of USV calls. The mature vocal patterns included a prominent shift in percentages of chevron and upward contours of fundamental frequency (f0) and the changes in the acoustic variables of USV calls. Call duration was the longest at 1-4 d, significantly shorter at 9-12 d and did not between 9-12-d and older age classes. The maximum fundamental frequency (f0max) decreased with increase of age class, from about 50 kHz in neonates to about 40 kHz in adults. These ontogenetic pathways of USV duration and f0max (towards shorter and lower-frequency USV calls) were reminiscent of those in laboratory mice Mus musculus