Metabolic and DNA Fingerprinting of Sauropus androgynus, in Food, Foodstuff and Food supplement, as a Lactagogum for Increasing Human Breast Milk Production

Sauropus androgynus (Indonesian name: katuk) is traditionally used by Indonesian people to increase and accelerate human breast milk production. There are many publications that show the lactagogum (agent for increasing breast milk production) effect of this plant. There are many products at the market, contain extract of the S.androgynus produced by pharmaceutical manufacture which are claimed has a function as lactagogum. Despite its important effect on the breastfeeding program, there are also many investigations that reveal the side effect of this plant in Taiwan and Japan. In these countries, people use this plant for reducing body weight. After a wide-spread, prolonged and unregulated use of this plant, a few patients have died and many have developed protracted chronic respiratory failure. This research will perform chemical assessment, by metabolic fingerprinting with LC-MS and GC-MS, and genetic assessment, by DNA fingerprinting with RAPD method, for ensuring the safety of S.androgynus as a lactagogum, which is used in food, foodstuff and food supplement. The metabolic profiles of S.androgynus in food, foodstuff and food supplement will be compared each other for obtaining the specific chemical compound (s) which assumed cause the side effect of S.androgynus. For completing this assumption, DNA patterns in food, foodstuff and food supplement, will be compared for obtaining the possibility of different variety or cultivar (s) of S.androgynus within the products. The research in this proposal is the early research for research project which has general aim to ensure the safety of S.androgynus which is used as a lactagogum at Indonesia. Expected output of this research will enhance the researcher’s capacity on fingerprinting of the metabolites and DNA. The dissemination of this research could also strengthen the education and research capacity of the researcher’s institution, so it could develop the scientific community network. Research output could also contribute recommendations for policy decision at Indonesia, about the safety of herbal preparations. From this research, the researcher could also build a system for safety or quality control of plant which are used as herbal medicine and herbal supplement. This system will give a feasibility to control the product and process quality in the herbal medicine industry or herbal supplement industry, in the production chain, beginning from raw material, semi-finished product until finished product

Produksi Pigmen Hijau dalam Kultur Suspensi Sel Sauropus androgynus

Daun katuk (Sauropus androgynus) terkenal di masyarakat sebagai pewarna pangan karena memiliki kandungan klorofil yang tinggi dibandingkan tanaman lain. Daun katuk tidak hanya bermanfaat dalam bidang pangan, tapi juga dalam bidang medis karena klorofil yang terkandung di dalamnya dapat digunakan sebaga antioksidan dan anti kanker. Kultur suspensi sel katuk yang diinduksi menggunakan medium cair Murashige and Skoog (MS) disuplementasi dengan asam α-naftalen asetat (NAA) 1 ppm, dan 6-benzil adenine 0,5 ppm, mampu menghasilkan kultur suspensi sel yang berwarna hijau. Penelitian ini telah menganalisis profil spektrum dan kromatogram pigmen hijau dalam massa kultur suspensi sel katuk (Sauropus androgynus). Metode ekstraksi pigmen hijau yang digunakan adalah metode ultrasonikasi dengan solven metanol. Profil spektrum dari massa kultur suspensi menunjukkan adanya dua senyawa yaitu pigmen X pada λmax 602,8-607,1 nm dengan absorbansi 0,0359187 dan pigmen Y pada λmax 662,5-664,7 nm dengan absorbansi 0,0873668. Analisis massa kultur suspensi sel katuk dengan metode kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) menunjukkan dua noda, yaitu pigmen X yang berwarna hijau kekuningan (Rf = 0,338) dan pigmen Y yang berwarna hijau kebiruan (Rf = 0,375) setelah enam hari kultivasi. Profil spektrum dan kromatogram pigmen X dan Y dalam massa kultur suspensi sel katuk serupa dengan daun katuk

Analisis Determinan yang Berhubungan dengan Perilaku Obat Tradisional pada Ibu Menyusui di Jawa Timur

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis lanjut terhadap data Riskesdas 2010 pada ibu menyusui di Jawa Timur sehingga dapat memperoleh determinan perilaku ibu menyusui dalam mengkonsumsi obat tradisional. Pengolahan terhadap data Riskesdas 2010, menunjukkan adanya 661 responden ibu menyusui, dengan 489 (73,98%) ibu menyusui yang pernah mengkonsumsi obat tradisional, di mana 113 (23,11%) ibu menyusui biasa minum obat tradisional buatan sendiri. Obat tradisional yang dikonsumsi berbentuk kapsul/pil/tablet (9%), seduhan/serbuk (44%), rebusan/rajangan (26%) dan cairan (58%). Sebagian besar ibu menyusui yang pernah mengkonsumsi obat tradisional (93,3%) menyatakan bahwa konsumsi obat tradisional tersebut bermanfaat bagi kesehatan. Berdasarkan analisis regresi logistik, determinan potensial yang berhubungan dengan perilaku konsumsi obat tradisional adalah jumlah anak, umur ibu saat pengambilan data, umur ibu saat melahirkan, ekonomi dan pendidikan

Signaling Pathways-based Approach for Identifying Mechanisms of Herbal Medicines

Indonesian Herbal Medicine (IHM) has been recognized as one of the most important strategies in complementary and alternative medicine. In Indonesia, many of this herbal knowledge were passed down from one generation to the next through oral tradition and daily rituals. Nowadays, IHM is developed to meet the requirement of Indonesian Healthcare System. However, understanding its mechanism of action in the treatment of disease remains unknown due to its numerous complex compound mixtures that often bound transiently to multiple therapeutic targets. Investigating the mechanism of action of the IHM formula is key to the modernization of IHM. Identifying which are the active compound(s) of IHM formulas, which biological entities they target, and through which signaling pathway(s) they act to modify disease symptoms, can be studied with multiple approaches including network pharmacology, pharmacogenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. The concept of network pharmacology is built on the belief that targeting multiple nodes in interconnected molecular systems rather than individual molecules, which could lead to better efficacy and fewer adverse effects. A network pharmacology approach can integrate prediction of ingredients, target exploration, network construction, module partition and pathway analysis. This approach successfully helped to identify several active ingredients of IHM, interacting with several important key targets. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis indicated that IHM-regulated pathways were mainly classified into several systems. The present work may help to illustrate the mechanism(s) of action of IHM, and it may provide a better understanding of herbal formula effects

Development of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Method for Identity Assessment of Piper betle L., as a Starting Material for Herbal Medicine Product

Development of RAPD method had been performed for DNA polymorphisms among many varieties and cultivars of Piper betle L. The source of DNA template is not from the DNA genome, but from the DNA fragment which had been resulted from amplification of DNA genome by Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) primer for Piper sp. The purpose of this research is mainly to develop the method for mapping the DNA fingerprint of herbal medicine (betelvine, Piper betle L.) using ITS region of betelvine nrDNA as DNA template by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA, at locality levels. Therefore the developed method will be used for discriminating several cultivars of betelvine at Surabaya, Purwodadi and Batu. ST and SS had shown the similar bands than SB, this phenomenon was supported with the similar morphological conditions of ST and SS. P and B also had shown the similar bands each other but they had different DNA patterns if compared with ST, SS and SB

Optimization of DNA extraction from seeds and fresh leaf tissues of Soybean (Glycine max)

The effects of various components on extraction buffer such as SDS-NaCI, PVP, p-mercaptoethanol, extraction with Phenol:Chloroform:lsoamyl acetate, and incubation time on the DNA extraction from seeds and fresh leaves of Soybean (Glycine max)were studied. Based on results above, an optimized method for DNA extraction from Soybean seeds and leaves were established. Extracting Soybean seeds twice with Phenol:Chloroform:lsoamyl acetate (25:24:L), incubating for 30 min and 7% SDS-Z M NaCl in extraction solution could promote the quantity and purity of DNA from seeds, respectively. The results also showed that high quality DNA from Soybean leaves could be extracted with Phenol:Chloroform:lsoamyl acetate (25:24:t) twice, incubating for 30 min and A5% SDS-2% PVP in extraction solution, although the DNA quantity was less than DNA quantity obtained with Nucleospin' Plant ll method

DNA Fingerprinting on ITS Region of Sauropus androgynus’ DNA from East Java by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Method

The important effect of Sauropus androgynus / SA (katuk), as a lactagogum for increasing human breast-milk production in Indonesia, must face the reality that there are also many investigations revealing its side effect, associated with Bronchiolitis obliterans, in Taiwan and Japan. This research had performed a genetic assessment, by the use of DNA fingerprinting with a RAPD method, for mapping the genetic pattern among SA accessions from East Java, Indonesia. The genetic map of SA accessions will become the supporting database on further research to ensure the safety of SA in Indonesia, as a lactagogum. The DNA fingerprinting had been done by a Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method which amplified the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region on DNA of SA, from different geographic locations at East Java, Indonesia. The amplification mixture, contained ITS region of DNA and RAPD primers (OPF-07, OPF-12, OPF-15), was cycled in a thermocycler. Amplification products were separated by agarose electrophoresis, visualized and imaged after staining with Ethidium bromide. Statistical analysis using Cluster Analysis had shown high similarity (0.786 – 0.895) between SA samples. The result assumed that genetic material of SA accessions had not been influenced directly by different environmental conditions. Despite this result, genetic assessment by DNA fingerprinting, could distinguish SA accessions more clearly than morphological assessment

Acute Lung Toxicity of Juice and Soup of Katuk (Sauropus androgynus) Leaves as Breastmilk Booster Related to Bronchiolitis Obliterans

Sauropus androgynus (SA) (katuk) as a traditional medicine to supplement breast milk production, has been widely used by the people of Indonesia to improve and accelerate the production of breast milk (air susu ibu/ASI). However based on some research said katuk suspected to cause constrictive bronchiolitis obliterans because of toxin exposure. Some adverse events katuk leaves in some countries could reduce the sale value of katuk, either as food or food supplements in Indonesia, if not further investigated. Indonesian society can consume leaves katuk direct way in the form of salad or soup can be cooked in advance. Therefore in this study will be conducted in vivo toxicity tests on the leaves katuk originating from East Java, Indonesia, is given in the form of vegetable juice and stew katuk orally, in Wistar females.SA extract was separated into eight parts, namely 500, 1000, 3000, and 5000 mg/kg for jus and soup groups. After 14 days, each rat was observes in macroscopic and microscopic of the lung. Then, It analyzed with ANOVA. The administration of juice and soup of leaves SA don’t cause changes in the physical condition of the rats. And katuk (Sauropus androgynus) leaf juice cause significant differences in the results of macroscopic observation that lung volume as well as the results of microscopic observation that the bronchial lumen ratio between treatment groups katuk leaf juice 5000 mg / kg and negative controls. Katuk leaf soup (Sauropus androgynus) causes significant variations in the macroscopic conditions (lung volume) and microscopic (the size of the bronchial lumen) in female Wistar rats. Our results indicate that the toxic necrosis of SA is dose-independent. More evidence is needed to clarify the incidence of necrosis in chronic used