Penyertaan Wanita dalam Politik Parlimen Post-Soeharto di Indonesia

Artikel ini membincangkan tentang penyertaan wanita dalam pilihan raya di Indonesia setelah pentadbiran Presiden Soeharto. Penyertaan wanita dalam pilihan raya melalui isu kuota bermula pada tahun 2004. Pengumpulan data dengan cara kualitatif yang disokong data kuantitatif. Dokumen paper ini menjelaskan dua faktor dinamik dalam penyertaan wanita pada politik parlemen. Pertama faktor undang-undang dan polisi, kedua faktor parti politik dalam rekrutmen wanita. Hasil penyelidikan ini menjelaskan bahawa pilihan raya 2004, 2009, 2014, dan 2019 relatif meningkat jumlah bilangan wanita masuk parlemen. Hal ini disokong oleh perubahan undang-undang pilihan raya yang menyatakan bahwa wanita wajib disertakan dalam senarai calon sekurangnya 30% dan satu daripada tiga calon wajib ada wanita. Undang-undang ini adalah perubahan dari kata “cadangan” menjadi “wajib” dalam menetapkan calon. Ayat wajib itu menjadi penting dalam perubahan peningkatan bilangan wanita terpilih. Selain faktor undang-undang ada faktor parti kader yang menjadi catatan isu iaitu tidak maksimalnya parti dalam sistim rekrutmen. Kurangnya wanita parti kader yang cekap dalam politik menjadikan parti merekrut wanita segera pada masa pendaftaran calon. Wanita-wanita yang dipilih adalah mereka yang terkait dengan keluarga elit politik. Wanita yang datang dari elit politik ini dianggap berpeluang menang dalam pilihan raya kerana mereka mempunyai modal dan jaringan yang kuat. Keadaan ini juga sering menepikan wanita yang sudah lama aktif dalam parti tapi tidak cukup modal untuk kempen. Nombor satu dalam senarai calon di kertas undi menjadi penting kerana mereka yang terpilih pada tiap pilihan raya lebih dari limapuluh peratus namanya di nombor satu, isu ini yang juga sering menepikan wanita

NGOs, ‘Straddler’ Organisations and the Possibilities of ‘Channelling’ in Indonesia: New Possibilities for State–NGO Collaboration?

The Badan Keswadayaan Masyarakat (BKM—Board for Community Self-reliance) are organisations established by the state as implementing agents of a community-driven development programme in Medan, Indonesia. Members are elected from the local population, but they continue to be supported by, and associated with the state. They are therefore ‘straddler’ organisations: organisations that span the state–civil society divide. This paper seeks to answer two questions. First, can BKMs’ positioning between the state and civil society facilitate new forms of state/non-government organisations (NGO) collaboration, and if so, what is the nature of partnerships established through such collaborations? We find that straddle organisations offer a way for NGOs to collaborate with the state in the achievement of development objectives. Second what is the possibility and desirability of arrangements in which NGOs ‘channel’ funds to BKMs as a means to ensure the sustainability of the latter? We argue that while there is considerable promise in such arrangements, these should be designed around a model of ‘working together’ rather than merely ‘channelling’

Affective registers in qualitative team research: interpreting the self in encounters with the state

AbstractPurpose – The purpose of this paper is to present an approach to enhance understandings of personhood and self-becoming through an affective reading of field notes and interview transcripts in cross-cultural research teams.Design/methodology/approach – A research team in Medan, Indonesia, captured the affective and emotive aspects of a research scene in field notes that were subsequently shared. Through prompting and elaboration, researchers were able to reveal the pathways from affect to emotion and thought, and the influence of past affective pedagogies in interpretations of the scene.Findings – Team research can enhance the interpretations of the “self” by drawing upon the diversity of affective registers of researchers. Paying attention to, and discussing in detail the ways researchers are affected in the field provided analytical insights as to the processes of self-becoming made possible within a particular encounter. These insights also added analytical value in team interpretations of interview transcripts.Research limitations/implications – Hierarchies within teams, communicating across different languages and the difficulty of sharing personal and embodied responses are barriers to using affective registers in team research.Originality/value – The authors’ experiences highlight the value of a purposeful strategy to share and interrogate affective responses, and demonstrate that affective registers are an overlooked resource in qualitative research teams.Keywords Emotion, Team research, Affect, Subjectivities Paper type Research pape