WATER-SOLUBLE POLYMERIC IONIC 5-FLUOROURACIL COMPLEX BASED ON METHACRYLIC ACID COPOLYMERS

Objective: The objective of this work was to obtain a water-soluble 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) polymeric complex on the basis of a methacrylic acid (MAA) copolymer to be used as an injectable chemotherapeutic agent. Methods: A polymeric carrier was synthesized using tert-butyl methacrylate (TBMA) as a monomer, thioglycolic acid, and azobisisobutyronitrile as a radical polymerization initiator. The polymer was converted by acid hydrolysis into a water-soluble copolymer of TBMA and MAA of 20: 80 mass%, respectively. The copolymer of TBMA and MAA was modified with 5-FU. Their formation was proved using IR and UV spectroscopy. The particle size of the 5-FU polymeric complex was estimated by turbidimetry, which is based on measuring the intensity of light transmitted through a disperse system. The release of 5-FU from the obtained ionic complexes by dialysis in vitro was evaluated. Results: Polymeric carriers were obtained with different amounts of 5-FU (5, 15, 25, 50 mol%). A high peak at λ = 266 nm was observed in the UV spectrum of the polymeric carrier (characteristic of 5-FU). The particle size was estimated at 13 nm for the complex with 5 mol% 5-FU and 26.8 n for the complex with 50 mol% 5-FU. The 5-FU release was estimated in two parallel experiments at 37 °C. One utilized a phosphate-citrate buffer with pH 5.0 to model the intracellular space and the other, a phosphate buffer with pH 7.4 to model the intravascular space. Two systems, with 5 and 15 mol% 5-FU, were chosen for testing. In both phosphate buffer and phosphate-citrate buffer, 5-FU was released from the polymeric complex with 5 mol% 5-FU approximately 1.3 times faster than from the complex containing 5 mol% 5-fluorouracil. The kinetics of 5-FU release from the polymeric complex (5 mol% 5-fluorouracil) showed that the 5-FU release was 77.9% in phosphate-citrate buffer and 59.6% in phosphate buffer over 52 h of dialysis. When the 5-FU release kinetics was studied with the polymeric complex containing 15 mol% 5-FU, the 5-FU release was 100.0% in phosphate-citrate buffer and 75.1% in phosphate buffer over 57 h of dialysis. Conclusion: Water-soluble nanoscale complexes of 5-FU with TBMA–MAA copolymers extend application of 5-FU, while its general toxicity might be lower. The complexes are sufficiently stable at pH 7.4 and readily release 5-FU at pH 5.0

The Impact of the Global Financial Crisis on Russia's Cooperation with the Countries of EurAsEC

The article considers the impact of the financial and economic crisis on Russia's cooperation with the EurAsEC countries. Because crises are an integral part of any economic system, a deep analysis should be carried out. We consider the integration at the micro level and prospects of Russia's cooperation with the EurAsEC, the prospects for cooperation between Russia and the EurAsEC countries should be assessed in different ways. Speaking about the cooperation it should be noted that the main weakness of the countries dependent on the prices of natural resources, which are the main export of all countries, including Russia. After all, the raw material orientation determines the country's place in the world. And so the main task here is to develop the production of finished products and the development of knowledge-based industries. Keywords: EurAsEC countries, financial crisis, problems of cooperation, economic globalization. JEL Classifications: F63, F65, G01, H1

Preparation and Study of Sulfonated Co-Polynaphthoyleneimide Proton-Exchange Membrane for a H2/Air Fuel Cell

The sulfonated polynaphthoyleneimide polymer (co-PNIS70/30) was prepared by copolymerization of 4,40 -diaminodiphenyl ether-2,20 -disulfonic acid (ODAS) and 4,4’-methylenebisanthranilic acid (MDAC) with ODAS/MDAC molar ratio 0.7/0.3. High molecular weight co-PNIS70/30 polymers were synthesized either in phenol or in DMSO by catalytic polyheterocyclization in the presence of benzoic acid and triethylamine. The titration reveals the ion-exchange capacity of the polymer equal to 2.13 meq/g. The membrane films were prepared by casting polymer solution. Conductivities of the polymer films were determined using both in- and through-plane geometries and reached ~96 and ~60 mS/cm, respectively. The anisotropy of the conductivity is ascribed to high hydration of the surface layer compared to the bulk. SFG NMR diffusometry shows that, in the temperature range from 213 to 353 K, the 1H self-diffusion coefficient of the co-PNIS70/30 membrane is about one third of the diffusion coefficient of Nafion® at the same humidity. However, temperature dependences of proton conductivities of Nafion® and of co-PNIS70/30 membranes are nearly identical. Membrane–electrode assemblies (MEAs) based on co-PNIS70/30 were fabricated by different procedures. The optimal MEAs with co-PNIS70/30 membranes are characterized by maximum output power of ~370 mW/cm² at 80 °C. It allows considering sulfonated co-PNIS70/30 polynaphthoyleneimides membrane attractive for practical applications

Мотивация, заинтересованность, удовлетворенность – движущие силы на занятиях студентов по лыжной подготовке

The study addresses the issue of how to attract the students of non-physical specialties to ski training – a physical, health and socially significant type of activity; there is also an explanation of how such arguments in favor of such activities, increasing interest and motivation. The work contains the survey results, obtained from the second-year students (n=150): the first stage includes motivational factors in ski training – increasing a cold-resistance capacity of body (4.78±0.27), free move following the rules of safe social distance (4.65 ± 0.58), opportunity spend time in the nature, to get aesthetic pleasure (4.44 ± 0.90), opportunity to increase the aerobic capacity of the cardiovascular system through skiing (3.60 ± 1.23), when more than 90 % of the muscles are involved. Further, the main trends in improving the features and technique of ski training, which turned to be the most interesting for students, are identified: skiing at a steady pace by classical style (4.24 ± 1.23) accompanying with the desire to eliminate the technical errors – double-support sliding (143 people = 95.3 %); lack of slide (141 people = 94.0 %); poor sticks work (138 people = 92.0 %). The respondents have shown a real interest in mastering and improving the up-and-down move with different degrees (4.16 ± 0.45). The result of the study lies in defining a simple and easy-to-learn methods for improving the technique of skiing, focusing on the health improvement and dealing with the ski slopesРассмотрена проблема привлечения студентов нефизкультурных специальностей вузов к лыжной подготовке как физкультурно-оздоровительному и социально значимому виду физической нагрузки. Обоснована необходимость поиска аргументов в пользу таких занятий, повышения интереса и усиления мотивации. Приведены результаты социологического исследования среди студентов второго курса (n=150), где на первом этапе были определены факторы мотивации к лыжной подготовке: усиление степени закаливания организма и устойчивость к простудным заболеваниям (4,78±0,27), возможность свободного перемещения с необходимостью соблюдения санитарных норм (4,65±0,58), возможность побывать на природе в лесном массиве, получить эстетическое удовольствие от ее созерцания (4,44±0,90), возможность без ограничения пространства повышать аэробные возможности сердечно-сосудистой системы организма посредством ходьбы на лыжах (3,60±1,23), когда в работу вовлекается более 90 % мышц организма. Далее были определены актуальные направления совершенствования специфических качеств и технических элементов лыжной подготовки, наиболее значимые и интересные для студентов: ходьба на лыжах в равномерном темпе традиционным классическим стилем (4,24±1,23) с желанием устранить грубые ошибки в технике лыжного хода – двухопорное скольжение, отмеченное у 143 чел.– 95,3 %; практически отсутствие проката на скользящей лыже у 141 чел.– 94,0 %; очень слабое отталкивание палками у 138 чел.– 92,0 %. Очевидную заинтересованность студенты проявили в освоении и совершенствовании техники передвижения на спусках и подъемах разной крутизны (4,16±0,45). Итогом исследования стало определение простых и доступных в освоении методов совершенствования техники ходьбы на лыжах оздоровительной направленности, преодоление подъемов и спусков на лыжных трасса

Лыжная подготовка и спортивное ориентирование в блоковой программе учебной дисциплины «Физическая культура и спорт»

Together with the general health care, the training classes in Physical Culture and Sports for non-majors should focus on personal self-fulfillment thorough various forms of physical culture and sports. This has always been in the universities’ academic plans, and the current State Educational Standard (3++), which provides with 400 academic hours for Physical Culture and Sports, is not an exception. These days, the outdoor classes for students are more relevant than ever against the background of the ongoing COVID‑19 and restrictive social and sanitary measures (social distance). This work presents a module-base program and methodological support of teaching within the framework of Physical Culture and Sports discipline, including ski training, orienteering and general physical training. Each training module, which includes 8–13 comprehensive classes, is designed to implement an independent part of educational material following specific natural and climatic conditions. Its usefulness is tested through a pedagogical experiment on the students of Polytechnic School, Siberian Federal UniversityЦель учебных занятий по дисциплине «Физическая культура и спорт» для студентов нефизкультурных специальностей наряду с общим оздоровительным эффектом должна учитывать направленость на личностную самореализацию в разных формах физкультурно-спортивной практики. Это всегда находило отражение в программах обучения вузов, включая и ныне действующий Государственный образовательный стандарт третьего поколения, предусматривающий 400 академических часов для освоения программы учебной дисциплины «Физическая культура и спорт». Сегодня как никогда актуальны занятия для студентов на открытых пространствах на фоне продолжающейся эпидемии и ограничительных мер, вводимых для обеспечения безопасного расстояния между занимающимися по санитарным нормам. В данном исследовании представлено блоковое программно-методическое обеспечение учебного процесса в рамках общего курса дисциплины «Физическая культура и спорт», включающее лыжную подготовку, спортивное ориентирование и общую физическую подготовку. Каждый учебный блок, включающий 8–13 однонаправленных занятий, предназначен для реализации автономной доли учебного материала в соответствии с конкретными природно-климатическими условиями. Его эффективность подтверждена проведенным педагогическим экспериментом в учебном процессе студентов политехнического института СФ

Predicting Ship Trajectory Based on Neural Networks Using AIS Data

To create an autonomously moving vessel, it is necessary to know exactly how to determine the current coordinates of the vessel in the selected coordinate system, determine the actual trajectory of the vessel, estimate the motion trend to predict the current coordinates, and calculate the course correction to return to the line of the specified path. The navigational and hydrographic conditions of navigation on each section of the route determine the requirements for the accuracy of observations and the time spent on locating the vessel. The problem of predicting the trajectory of the vessel’s motion in automatic mode is especially important for river vessels or river-sea vessels, predicting the trajectory of the route sections during the maneuvering of the vessel. At the moment, one of the most accurate ways of determining the coordinates of the vessel is by reading the satellite signal. However, when a vessel is near hydraulic structures, problems may arise connected with obtaining a satellite signal due to interference and, therefore, the error in measuring the coordinates of the vessel increases. The likelihood of collisions and various kinds of incidents increases. In such cases, it is possible to correct the trajectory of the movement using an autonomous navigation system. In this work, opportunities of the possible application of artificial neural networks to create such a corrective system using only the coordinates of the ship’s position are discussed. It was found that this is possible on sections of the route where the ship does not maneuver

Solid oxide fuel cells power unit reformer/burner/heat-exchanger module experimental study

The article contains the installation description, experimental procedure, and results for the catalytic partial oxidation reformer/catalyst burner/heat-exchanger module. Mathematical modeling for all major blocks temperatures dependence on the reformer air supply ratio was carried out. In the air supply ratio range under study the model was verified using experimental data. The model was further practically used for the solid oxide fuel cells power unit automatic control modes development. The partial oxidation reforming solid oxide fuel cells power unit characteristics were evaluated

Novel Water-Soluble Far-Red Nitroreductase-Responsive Bodipy-Based Fluorescent Probe for the Detection of Hypoxic Status in A549 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells

Over expression of nitroreductase (NTR) enzymes is closely related to the hypoxic status in living organisms for which molecular oxygen is vital. The development of effective methods for real-time monitoring of NTR activity is of great significance for medical diagnosis and cancer research. Here, we present a novel water-soluble Bodipy-based chemodosimeter (NBB) effective in imaging the hypoxic status of human non-small-cell lung cancer A549 cells. We assumed that NTR-mediated activation of the probe NBB is based on the reductive release of meso-phenol Bodipy dye to finally produce unusual fluorescence "ON-OFF" response