L’Émigration russe au Japon dans l’entre-deux-guerres

RésuméLa présente étude se propose de tracer un panorama de l’émigration russe au Japon dans l’entre-deux-guerres. Elle envisage ce sujet aussi bien sous ses aspects historiques que sociologiques ou culturels et se réfère à de multiples sources aussi bien japonaises que russes.AbstractRussian emigration to Japan during the interwar period.The aim of this paper is to provide a new overview of Russian emigration to Japan between the wars. It examines the subject in historical, sociological, and cultural terms, and uses the many sources available in Japan and Russia

Effects of Assisted Reproduction Technology on Placental Imprinted Gene Expression

We used placental tissue to compare the imprinted gene expression of IGF2, H19, KCNQ1OT1, and CDKN1C of singletons conceived via assisted reproduction technology (ART) with that of spontaneously conceived (SC) singletons. Of 989 singletons examined (ART n = 65; SC n = 924), neonatal weight was significantly lower (P < .001) in the ART group than in the SC group, but placental weight showed no significant difference. Gene expression analyzed by real-time PCR was similar for both groups with appropriate-for-date (AFD) birth weight. H19 expression was suppressed in fetal growth retardation (FGR) cases in the ART and SC groups compared with AFD cases (P < .02 and P < .05, resp.). In contrast, CDKN1C expression was suppressed in FGR cases in the ART group (P < .01), while KCNQ1OT1 expression was hyperexpressed in FGR cases in the SC group (P < .05). As imprinted gene expression patterns differed between the ART and SC groups, we speculate that ART modifies epigenetic status even though the possibilities always exist

口蓋3次元データの作成とWAVEでの発話計測実験への応用

National Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsKonan University会議名: 言語資源活用ワークショップ2021, 開催地: オンライン, 会期: 2021年9月13日-14日, 主催: 国立国語研究所 コーパス開発センターWAVEは舌などの調音器官の上に置いたセンサ位置の変動を計測する装置で，調音運動の分析に用いられている。その分析には口蓋の形状データが必要なため，従来はWAVEのプローブセンサを用いて例えば口蓋の正中矢状断面をトレースするなどの計測が行われていた。しかし，口蓋の正中矢状断面の決定に恣意性があるなどの問題があった。そこで本研究では，まずWAVEセンサを設置した歯科用トレイを用いて，歯列と口蓋の印象を採取すると同時にセンサ位置も取得した。次に，トレイを脱着後，3Dスキャナで印象とセンサ位置を光学計測した。最後に，センサの光学座標をWAVE座標に対応させる剛体変換行列を求めて，光学計測した歯列と口蓋の形状データをWAVEの座標系に移動した。これにより，従来利用されていた口蓋の正中矢状断面に加えて，歯列や口蓋の3次元形状データを分析で利用することが可能になった

Speech organ contour extraction using real-time MRI and machine learning method

Chiba Institute of TechnologyChiba Institute of TechnologyChiba Institute of TechnologyChiba Institute of TechnologyKonan UniversityNational Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsNational Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsReal-time MRI can be used to obtain videos that describe articulatory movements during running speech. For detailed analysis based on a large number of video frames, it is necessary to extract the contours of speech organs, such as the tongue, semi-automatically. The present study attempted to extract the contours of speech organs from videos using a machine learning method. First, an expert operator manually extracted the contours from the frames of a video to build training data sets. The learning operators, or learners, then extracted the contours from each frame of the video. Finally, the errors representing the geometrical distance between the extracted contours and the ground truth, which were the contours excluded from the training data sets, were examined. The results showed that the contours extracted using machine learning were closer to the ground truth than the contours traced by other expert and non-expert operators. In addition, using the same learners, the contours were extracted from other naive videos obtained during different speech tasks of the same subject. As a result, the errors in those videos were similar to those in the video in which the learners were trained

Time definition of reintubation most relevant to patient outcomes in critically ill patients: a multicenter cohort study

Background: Reintubation is a common complication in critically ill patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Although reintubation has been demonstrated to be associated with patient outcomes, its time definition varies widely among guidelines and in the literature. This study aimed to determine the association between reintubation and patient outcomes as well as the consequences of the time elapsed between extubation and reintubation on patient outcomes. Methods: This was a multicenter retrospective cohort study of critically ill patients conducted between April 2015 and March 2021. Adult patients who underwent mechanical ventilation and extubation in intensive care units (ICUs) were investigated utilizing the Japanese Intensive Care PAtient Database. The primary and secondary outcomes were in-hospital and ICU mortality. The association between reintubation and clinical outcomes was studied using Cox proportional hazards analysis. Among the patients who underwent reintubation, a Cox proportional hazard analysis was conducted to evaluate patient outcomes according to the number of days from extubation to reintubation. Results: Overall, 184,705 patients in 75 ICUs were screened, and 1849 patients underwent reintubation among 48,082 extubated patients. After adjustment for potential confounders, multivariable analysis revealed a significant association between reintubation and increased in-hospital and ICU mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.520, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.359–1.700, and adjusted HR 1.325, 95% CI 1.076–1.633, respectively). Among the reintubated patients, 1037 (56.1%) were reintubated within 24 h after extubation, 418 (22.6%) at 24–48 h, 198 (10.7%) at 48–72 h, 111 (6.0%) at 72–96 h, and 85 (4.6%) at 96–120 h. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis showed that in-hospital and ICU mortality was highest in patients reintubated at 72–96 h (adjusted HR 1.528, 95% CI 1.062–2.197, and adjusted HR 1.334, 95% CI 0.756–2.352, respectively; referenced to reintubation within 24 h). Conclusions: Reintubation was associated with a significant increase in in-hospital and ICU mortality. The highest mortality rates were observed in patients who were reintubated between 72 and 96 h after extubation. Further studies are warranted for the optimal observation of extubated patients in clinical practice and to strengthen the evidence for mechanical ventilation.Tanaka A., Shimomura Y., Uchiyama A., et al. Time definition of reintubation most relevant to patient outcomes in critically ill patients: a multicenter cohort study. Critical Care 27, 378 (2023); https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-023-04668-3

Class IA Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase in Pancreatic β Cells Controls Insulin Secretion by Multiple Mechanisms

SummaryType 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and pancreatic β cell dysfunction, the latter possibly caused by a defect in insulin signaling in β cells. Inhibition of class IA phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), using a mouse model lacking the pik3r1 gene specifically in β cells and the pik3r2 gene systemically (βDKO mouse), results in glucose intolerance and reduced insulin secretion in response to glucose. β cells of βDKO mice had defective exocytosis machinery due to decreased expression of soluble N-ethylmaleimide attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex proteins and loss of cell-cell synchronization in terms of Ca2+ influx. These defects were normalized by expression of a constitutively active form of Akt in the islets of βDKO mice, preserving insulin secretion in response to glucose. The class IA PI3K pathway in β cells in vivo is important in the regulation of insulin secretion and may be a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes

EMAによる調音運動観測のための咬合面と口蓋の計測法

国立国語研究所甲南大学早稲田大学千葉工業大学国立国語研究所National Institute for Japanese Language and LinguisticsKonan UniversityWaseda UniversityChiba Institute of TechnologyNational Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistic