Pd- and Cu-Catalyzed One-Pot Multicomponent Synthesis of Hetero α,α′-Dimers of Heterocycles

A novel palladium- and copper-catalyzed one-pot multicomponent synthesis of hetero α,α′-dimers of heterocycles via Sonogashira coupling and double cyclization cascade involving imine formation has been developed. This reaction cascade proceeded under mild conditions, providing a powerful synthetic tool for the assembly of π-conjugated systems with a combination of palladium-catalyzed post-direct C–H bond arylations

Klotho expression in the kidney at week 24.

<p>The data are expressed as the means ± SD.</p><p>There were no significant differences among the three groups.</p><p>Abbreviations: GAPDH, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.</p

The serum and urine data.

<p>A: serum creatinine, B: blood urea nitrogen, C: serum phosphate, D: serum calcium, E: urinary phosphate, F: urinary calcium. The data are expressed as the means ± SEM. ♦ = ADR group, ▪ = ADR-CA group, ▴ = ADR-LA group. *p<0.05 or less, vs. ADR group at the same time point, ⁺p<0.05 or less vs. ADR-CA group at the same time point.</p

An outline of the experimental protocol.

<p>i.v.: intravenous injection.</p

The body weight, blood pressure, and biochemical data in the different groups.

<p>The data are expressed as the means ± SD.</p><p>*p<0.05 vs. ADR group at the same time point,</p>+<p>p<0.05 vs. ADR-CA group at the same time point.</p>a<p>p<0.05 vs. Week 0 values of the same group, ^bp<0.05 vs. Week 8 values of the same group, ^cp<0.05 vs. Week 16 values of the same group.</p><p>Abbreviations: FGF-23, fibroblast growth factor-23; PTH, parathyroid hormone.</p

The relative phosphate-binding coefficients for various phosphate binders.

<p>Reproduced from Daugirdas JT et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0097859#pone.0097859-Daugirdas1" target="_blank">[13]</a>.</p

Results of Method 1.

<p>Abbreviations. NS: nephrotic syndrome.</p><p>Results of Method 1.</p

Sequential changes in the %ID in the main organs after the injection of ^99mTc-HSAD in a healthy adult.

<p>Reproduced from Tamaki N et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0123036#pone.0123036.ref003" target="_blank">3</a>]. Abbreviations. %ID: % injected dose.</p

Characteristics of 17 patients.

<p>*P < 0.05 vs. NS group,</p><p>⁺P < 0.01 vs. NS group.</p><p>Proteinuria; (-): ~9 mg/dl, (±): 10~29 mg/dl, (1+): 30~99 mg/dl, (2+): 100~299 mg/dl, (3+): 300~999 mg/dl, (4+): 1000 mg/dl~</p><p>Abbreviations. NS: nephrotic syndrome, M: male, F: female, BMI: body mass index, U-pro/cr: urinary protein-creatinine ratio, TP: serum total protein, Alb: serum albumin, T-cho: serum total cholesterol,</p><p>LDL-C: serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TG: serum triglycerides, Cr: serum creatinine, ND: no data.</p><p>Characteristics of 17 patients.</p

Quantification of the Tc-99m uptake in the nephrotic syndrome and non- nephrotic syndrome groups on the posterior view.

<p>A: right kidney, B: left kidney.</p