Violence and warfare in prehistoric Japan

The origins and consequences of warfare or largescale intergroup violence have been subject of long debate. Based on exhaustive surveys of skeletal remains for prehistoric hunter-gatherers and agriculturists in Japan, the present study examines levels of inferred violence and their implications for two different evolutionary models, i.e., parochial altruism model and subsistence model. The former assumes that frequent warfare played an important role in the evolution of altruism and the latter sees warfare as promoted by social changes induced by agriculture. Our results are inconsistent with the parochial altruism model but consistent with the subsistence model, although the mortality values attributable to violence between hunter-gatherers and agriculturists were comparable

Correction to: ‘Violence in the prehistoric period of Japan: the spatio-temporal pattern of skeletal evidence for violence in the Jomon period’

Whether man is predisposed to lethal violence, ranging from homicide to warfare, and how that may have impacted human evolution, are among the most controversial topics of debate on human evolution. Although recent studies on the evolution of warfare have been based on various archaeological and ethnographic data, they have reported mixed results: it is unclear whether or notwarfare among prehistoric hunter–gathererswas common enough to be a component of human nature and a selective pressure for the evolution of human behaviour. This paper reports the mortality attributable to violence, and the spatio-temporal pattern of violence thus shown among ancient hunter–gatherers using skeletal evidence in prehistoric Japan (the Jomon period: 13 000 cal BC–800 cal BC). Our results suggest that the mortality due to violence was low and spatio-temporally highly restricted in the Jomon period, which implies that violence including warfare in prehistoric Japan was not common

The effect of deep acting in emotional labor on stress in service workers. : Focus on the process of deep acting

Service workers are required to perform emotional labor as part of their duties to maintain an appropriate emotional state. While deep acting—the process of recapturing one’s emotions—can reduce emotional laborers’ stress, the dissonance with natural emotional experiences may lead to self-loathing. Subsequent psychological reactions may change depending on the cognitive manipulation performed during deep acting. This study focused on the deep-acting process in emotional labor and examined whether emotion control strategies mediate emotional labor and influence service workers’ stress reactions. The mediation analysis results revealed that the “put into perspective” and “rumination or focus on the thought” aspects mediated deep acting and stress reactions; deep actin g reduced stress reactions. Future studies should focus on how emotions can be controlled during emotional labor and the method of acting involved

Direct Imaging Explorations for Companions around Mid-Late M Stars from the Subaru/IRD Strategic Program

The Subaru telescope is currently performing a strategic program (SSP) using the high-precision near-infrared (NIR) spectrometer IRD to search for exoplanets around nearby mid/late-M~dwarfs via radial velocity (RV) monitoring. As part of the observing strategy for the exoplanet survey, signatures of massive companions such as RV trends are used to reduce the priority of those stars. However, this RV information remains useful for studying the stellar multiplicity of nearby M~dwarfs. To search for companions around such ``deprioritized" M~dwarfs, we observed 14 IRD-SSP targets using Keck/NIRC2 observations with pyramid wavefront sensing at NIR wavelengths, leading to high sensitivity to substellar-mass companions within a few arcseconds. We detected two new companions (LSPM~J1002+1459~B and LSPM~J2204+1505~B) and two new candidates that are likely companions (LSPM~J0825+6902~B and LSPM~J1645+0444~B) as well as one known companion. Including two known companions resolved by the IRD fiber injection module camera, we detected seven (four new) companions at projected separations between $\sim2-20$~au in total. A comparison of the colors with the spectral library suggests that LSPM~J2204+1505~B and LSPM~J0825+6902~B are located at the boundary between late-M and early-L spectral types. Our deep high-contrast imaging for targets where no bright companions were resolved did not reveal any additional companion candidates. The NIRC2 detection limits could constrain potential substellar-mass companions ($\sim10-75\ M_{\rm Jup}$) at 10~au or further. The failure with Keck/NIRC2 around the IRD-SSP stars having significant RV trends makes these objects promising targets for further RV monitoring or deeper imaging with JWST to search for smaller-mass companions below the NIRC2 detection limits.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in A

行政主体の運動教室が住民主体の自主グループへと移行する過程における保健師の役割

筆者らは、短期大学部専攻科公衆衛生看護学専攻の実習において、「運動習慣の普及による健康づくり、介護予防の推進」を事業の柱とした行政主体の運動教室に準備段階から参加した。その活動の中で、教室の運営や住民主体の自主グループとなる移行過程を学び、その過程における保健師の支援のあり方を考察した。保健師として自主グループ化を推進するためには、教室のプログラム内容の充実を図り、参加者の継続参加を促す必要がある。そして、保健師はキーパーソンとなり得る参加者、健康づくり推進員を見定めて、その主体性を尊重し、自分自身の役割を徐々に相談者的役割に移行することが重要である