3,913 research outputs found
Quantum Bit Commitment with a Composite Evidence
Entanglement-based attacks, which are subtle and powerful, are usually
believed to render quantum bit commitment insecure. We point out that the no-go
argument leading to this view implicitly assumes the evidence-of-commitment to
be a monolithic quantum system. We argue that more general evidence structures,
allowing for a composite, hybrid (classical-quantum) evidence, conduce to
improved security. In particular, we present and prove the security of the
following protocol: Bob sends Alice an anonymous state. She inscribes her
commitment by measuring part of it in the + (for ) or (for
) basis. She then communicates to him the (classical) measurement outcome
and the part-measured anonymous state interpolated into other, randomly
prepared qubits as her evidence-of-commitment.Comment: 6 pages, minor changes, journal reference adde
Minimum-error discrimination between symmetric mixed quantum states
We provide a solution of finding optimal measurement strategy for
distinguishing between symmetric mixed quantum states. It is assumed that the
matrix elements of at least one of the symmetric quantum states are all real
and nonnegative in the basis of the eigenstates of the symmetry operator.Comment: 10 page
Quantum Detection with Unknown States
We address the problem of distinguishing among a finite collection of quantum
states, when the states are not entirely known. For completely specified
states, necessary and sufficient conditions on a quantum measurement minimizing
the probability of a detection error have been derived. In this work, we assume
that each of the states in our collection is a mixture of a known state and an
unknown state. We investigate two criteria for optimality. The first is
minimization of the worst-case probability of a detection error. For the second
we assume a probability distribution on the unknown states, and minimize of the
expected probability of a detection error.
We find that under both criteria, the optimal detectors are equivalent to the
optimal detectors of an ``effective ensemble''. In the worst-case, the
effective ensemble is comprised of the known states with altered prior
probabilities, and in the average case it is made up of altered states with the
original prior probabilities.Comment: Refereed version. Improved numerical examples and figures. A few
typos fixe
Engineering squeezed states in high-Q cavities
While it has been possible to build fields in high-Q cavities with a high
degree of squeezing for some years, the engineering of arbitrary squeezed
states in these cavities has only recently been addressed [Phys. Rev. A 68,
061801(R) (2003)]. The present work examines the question of how to squeeze any
given cavity-field state and, particularly, how to generate the squeezed
displaced number state and the squeezed macroscopic quantum superposition in a
high-Q cavity
Clustering of childhood leukaemia in Hong Kong: association with the childhood peak and common acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and with population mixing.
Incidence data of childhood leukaemia (CL) in Hong Kong (1984-90) have been analysed for evidence of variation between small areas. All cases (n=261) were classified by morphological cell type, with the majority (n=205) being acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), and haematological review has permitted immunophenotypic classification for 73% of these. The data have been examined for evidence of spatial clustering within small census areas (TPUs) and for association with population mixing, with attention focused on those subgroups (especially the childhood peak of ALL--taken here to be diagnoses in children from 24 months up to the seventh birthday--and common ALL) which, it has been hypothesized, may be caused by unusual patterns of exposure and response to common infections. For the whole of Hong Kong, there was evidence of spatial clustering of ALL at ages 0-4 years (P = 0.09) and in the childhood peak (P<0.05). When these analyses were restricted to TPUs where extreme population mixing may have occurred, overall incidence was elevated and significant evidence of clustering was found for ALL (P<0.007) at these ages and for the common ALL in the childhood peak (P = 0.032). Replication of the analyses for subsets of leukaemia that were not dominated by the childhood peak of ALL found no evidence of clustering. This is the first investigation of an association between population mixing and childhood leukaemia in Asia and the first to include clustering and to consider particular subsets. The results are supportive of the 'infectious' aetiology hypothesis for subsets of childhood leukaemia, specifically common ALL in the childhood peak
Quantum Communication with Correlated Nonclassical States
Nonclassical correlations between the quadrature-phase amplitudes of two
spatially separated optical beams are exploited to realize a two-channel
quantum communication experiment with a high degree of immunity to
interception. For this scheme, either channel alone can have an arbitrarily
small signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for transmission of a coherent ``message''.
However, when the transmitted beams are combined properly upon authorized
detection, the encoded message can in principle be recovered with the original
SNR of the source. An experimental demonstration has achieved a 3.2 dB
improvement in SNR over that possible with correlated classical sources.
Extensions of the protocol to improve its security against eavesdropping are
discussed.Comment: 8 pages and 4 figures (Figure 1; Figures 2a, 2b; Figure 2
Capacity building for dementia care in community care services: a mixed methods approach
Background The prevalence of dementia is surging that results in huge service demand in the community care services. Dementia care competence of staff working in these settings is fundamental of the care quality. This project aims to examine the effects of staff training on their competence for the anticipated challenges in dementia care and explore how the training influence their care practices. Methods This study adopted a mixed methods triangulation design, including a prospective multi-center study with pre-test post-test evaluations and a narrative analysis of the participants’ reflective essays. Seventeen experienced health and social care professionals were trained as trainers at the Dementia Services Development Centre of the University of Stirling, UK. The trainers provided local facilitator training to staff members by using training materials that were culturally adapted to the local context. The facilitators were required to deliver 12 two-hour in-service training sessions for 6 months to their colleagues in a small group format in their respective workplace. Eventually a total of 1347 staff members from community care centers, day care centers, outreach teams and care homes of 70 non-government organizations in Hong Kong participated in the study between April 2017 and December 2018. Validated instruments were used to measure knowledge, attitude, sense of competence in dementia care and job satisfaction at the baseline and at 12-month follow-up. All participants were required to write a reflective essay to describe their experiences in dementia care by the end of the training. Results A total of 1264 participants, including 195 facilitators and 1069 learners, completed all assessment were included for analysis. Significant improvements were observed in all outcomes at the 12-month follow-up assessment (Ps ≤ .001). The magnitude of improvements in attitudes was the largest. The findings also showed that the effects of the training program significantly varied across different groups of learners in terms of age, occupation, work and training experience. Conclusions This community-wide large-scale project provided evidence that the train-the-trainer model and reflective learning are effective means to facilitate situated learning that promote awareness and understanding of dementia, and consequently enhance sustainability of changes in care practices
Numerical Study on Small-Scale Fire Whirl using Large Eddy Simulation
Abstract -Fire whirl is a rotating fire with either a fixed or revolving flame centre-core caused by unbalanced entrainment. In general, the flame height of a fire whirl is significantly larger than that of a free standing fire. It is suggested by several studies that fire whirl is a disastrous scenario especially in urban or bush fires since it can greatly promote the fire spread and escalate the thread to human lives and species. In this paper, as a preliminary study, the fire whirl behaviour has been studied numerically using the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) ver 6.1.2 which is based on the large eddy simulation (LES). It incorporates the mixture fraction based combustion model along with soot formation, the subgrid-scale (SGS) turbulence model, radiation transfer equation (RTE) model which are fully coupled and interactive. This allows the modelling of all essential chemical and physical behaviours that occur during the fire whirling processes. A small-scale vertical shaft with a base of 0.34 m × 0.35 m with a total vertical height of 1.45 m is considered. The development stages including the ignition, flame-rising and fully-developed fire whirling are modelled successfully through numerical simulations. Fairly good agreements between simulation and experimental results for temperature profiles at the centreline and corner thermocouples are achieved. However, a flame height of 0.3 m to 0.4 m is estimated in the simulation while the experimental observation is around 0.6 m. Also, the temperature is slightly over-predicted at the centre while under-predicted at the corner. These could well be due to the simplified chemistry employed in the FDS. With this preliminary numerical study, it could be logically inferred that the detailed chemical reactions scheme may be needed to capture the fundamental governing characteristics of the fire whirl in future numerical modelling studies
Binary optical communication in single-mode and entangled quantum noisy channels
We address binary optical communication in single-mode and entangled quantum
noisy channels. For single-mode we present a systematic comparison between
direct photodetection and homodyne detection in realistic conditions, i.e.
taking into account the noise that occurs both during the propagation and the
detection of the signals. We then consider entangled channels based on
twin-beam state of radiation, and show that with realistic heterodyne detection
the error probability at fixed channel energy is reduced in comparison to the
single-mode cases for a large range of values of quantum efficiency and noise
parameters
Stokes Parameters as a Minkowskian Four-vector
It is noted that the Jones-matrix formalism for polarization optics is a
six-parameter two-by-two representation of the Lorentz group. It is shown that
the four independent Stokes parameters form a Minkowskian four-vector, just
like the energy-momentum four-vector in special relativity. The optical filters
are represented by four-by-four Lorentz-transformation matrices. This
four-by-four formalism can deal with partial coherence described by the Stokes
parameters. A four-by-four matrix formulation is given for decoherence effects
on the Stokes parameters, and a possible experiment is proposed. It is shown
also that this Lorentz-group formalism leads to optical filters with a symmetry
property corresponding to that of two-dimensional Euclidean transformations.Comment: RevTeX, 22 pages, no figures, submitted to Phys. Rev.
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