6 research outputs found
HII region G46.5-0.2: the interplay between ionizing radiation, molecular gas and star formation
HII regions are particularly interesting because they can generate dense
layers of gas and dust, elongated columns or pillars of gas pointing towards
the ionizing sources, and cometary globules of dense gas, where triggered star
formation can occur. Understanding the interplay between the ionizing radiation
and the dense surrounding gas is very important to explain the origin of these
peculiar structures, and hence to characterize triggered star formation.
G46.5-0.2 (G46), a poorly studied galactic HII region located at about 4 kpc,
is an excellent target to perform this kind of studies. Using public molecular
data extracted from the Galactic Ring Survey (13CO J=1-0) and from the James
Clerk Maxwell Telescope data archive (12CO, 13CO, C18O J=3-2, HCO+ and HCN
J=4-3), and infrared data from the GLIMPSE and MIPSGAL surveys, we perform a
complete study of G46, its molecular environment and the young stellar objects
placed around it. We found that G46, probably excited by an O7V star, is
located close to the edge of the GRSMC G046.34-00.21 molecular cloud. It
presents a horse-shoe morphology opening in direction of the cloud. We observed
a filamentary structure in the molecular gas likely related to G46 and not
considerable molecular emission towards its open border. We found that about
10' towards the southwest of G46 there are some pillar-like features, shining
at 8 um and pointing towards the HII region open border. We propose that the
pillar-like features were carved and sculpted by the ionizing flux from G46. We
found several young stellar objects likely embedded in the molecular cloud
grouped in two main concentrations: one, closer to the G46 open border
consisting of Class II type sources, and other one mostly composed by Class I
type YSOs located just ahead the pillars-like features, strongly suggesting an
age gradient in the YSOs distribution.Comment: Accepted for publication in The Astronomical Journal (April 14,
2015). Some figures were degraded to reduce file siz
Interactions of the Infrared bubble N4 with the surroundings
The physical mechanisms that induce the transformation of a certain mass of
gas in new stars are far from being well understood. Infrared bubbles
associated with HII regions have been considered to be good samples of
investigating triggered star formation. In this paper we report on the
investigation of the dust properties of the infrared bubble N4 around the HII
region G11.898+0.747, analyzing its interaction with its surroundings and star
formation histories therein, with the aim of determining the possibility of
star formation triggered by the expansion of the bubble. Using Herschel PACS
and SPIRE images with a wide wavelength coverage, we reveal the dust properties
over the entire bubble. Meanwhile, we are able to identify six dust clumps
surrounding the bubble, with a mean size of 0.50 pc, temperature of about 22 K,
mean column density of 1.7 cm, mean volume density of
about 4.4 cm, and a mean mass of 320 . In
addition, from PAH emission seen at 8 m, free-free emission detected at 20
cm and a probability density function in special regions, we could identify
clear signatures of the influence of the HII region on the surroundings. There
are hints of star formation, though further investigation is required to
demonstrate that N4 is the triggering source.Comment: Accepted by ApJ (16 pages, 11 figures, 9 tables
The effects of external knowledge source heterogeneity on enterprise process and product innovation performance.
As a global manufacturing centre, China is transitioning from a 'Made in China' to 'Create in China' perspective. An ever-increasing number of companies are developing new competitive advantages and improving their innovation levels by acquiring external knowledge. Yet, studies rarely discuss the influence of various sources of knowledge on process and product innovation performance in China's manufacturing enterprises. Based on the Pavitt industry classification, we use a bivariate Probit model to investigate the influence of external knowledge sources on innovation performance, and test it by using Enterprise Survey data for China, published by the World Bank in 2013. Our empirical analysis indicates that external sources of knowledge, with the exception of suppliers, have a significantly positive influence on process and product innovation performance. Specifically, in the process of technological innovation, peers have a positive effect on enterprise process improvement, especially in the science-based sector. In product innovation, close technical cooperation with users accelerates the commercial manifestation of products, especially in the specialized supplier sector