Non-invasive optical method for evaluating the oxygen status in breast neoplasms

The paper presents the results from a study of the breast oxygen status by diffuse optical tomography (DOT). Detection of breast tissue at wavelengths of 684, 794, and 850 nm could provide information on the distribution of basic tissue chromophores: oxygenized and deoxygenized hemoglobin. Normal breast tissue was characterized by the even distribution of these compounds and stabilization of their level. In breast cancer, the distribution of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin was noted for uneven distribution and blood oxygen saturation was lower in the projection of a tumor nodule. The blood oxygen saturation data obtained by DOT demonstrate physiological differ- ences between normal and tumor tissues in different tumor areas

Alumosilicate ceramic proppants based on natural refractory raw materials

The sintering-strengthening effect of the additions of the highly ferrous bauxite (with Fe[2]O[3] content of 20-25 % in the calcined state) in the compositions with refractory clays was established. It was found that in the temperature range 1350-1500°C the additions of bauxite in amounts of 10-40% have a fluxing effect due to the iron oxide introduced with bauxite in compositions with clay. An increasing the bauxite additive in the amount of 50-70% ensures its strengthening effect by increasing the total content of the mullite of the prismatic habit in the firing products of composites with clay. Preliminary clay and bauxite calcination at 900 °С and an increase in the content of bauxite additive up to 50-70% in compositions with clay allow to produce aluminosilicate proppants with a bulk density of 1.62-1.65 g/сm{3} and compressive strength up to 52 MPa

QCD in the nuclear medium and effects due to Cherenkov gluons

The equations of in-medium gluodynamics are proposed. Their classical lowest order solution is explicitly shown for a color charge moving with constant speed. For nuclear permittivity larger than 1 it describes emission of Cherenkov gluons resembling results of classical electrodynamics. The values of the real and imaginary parts of the nuclear permittivity are obtained from the fits to experimental data on the double-humped structure around the away-side jet obtained at RHIC. The dispersion of the nuclear permittivity is predicted by comparing the RHIC, SPS and cosmic ray data. This is important for LHC experiments. Cherenkov gluons may be responsible for the asymmetry of dilepton mass spectra near rho-meson, observed in the SPS experiment with excess in the low-mass wing of the resonance. This feature is predicted to be common for all resonances. The "color rainbow" quantum effect might appear according to higher order terms of in-medium QCD if the nuclear permittivity depends on color.Comment: 29 p., 4 figs; for "Phys. Atom. Nucl." volume dedicated to 80th birthday of L.B. Okun; minor corrections on pp. 11 and 13 in v

Patients with a Combination of Atrial Fibrillation and Chronic Heart Failure in Clinical Practice: Comorbidities, Drug Treatment and Outcomes

Aim. To assess in clinical practice the structure of multimorbidity, cardiovascular pharmacotherapy and outcomes in patients with a combination of atrial fibrillation (AF) and chronic heart failure (CHF) based on prospective registries of patients with cardiovascular diseases (CVD).Materials and Methods. The data of 3795 patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) were analyzed within the registries RECVASA (Ryazan), RECVASA FP (Moscow, Kursk, Tula, Yaroslavl), REGION-PO and REGION-LD (Ryazan), REGION-Moscow, REGATA (Ryazan). The comparison groups consisted of 3016 (79.5%) patients with AF in combination with CHF and 779 (29.5%) patients with AF without CHF. The duration of prospective observation is from 2 to 6 years.Results. Patients with a combination of AF and CHF (n=3016, age was 72.0±10.3 years; 41.8% of men) compared with patients with AF without CHF (n=779, age was 70.3±12.0 years; 43.5% of men) had a higher risk of thromboembolic complications (CHA2DS2-VASc – 4.68±1.59 and 3.10±1.50; p<0.001) and hemorrhagic complications (HAS-BLED – 1.59±0.77 and 1.33±0.76; p<0.05). Patients with a combination of AF and CHF significantly more often (p<0.001) than in the absence of CHF were diagnosed with arterial hypertension (93.9% and 83.8%), coronary heart disease (87.9% and 53,5%), myocardial infarction (28.4% and 14.0%), diabetes mellitus (22.4% and 7.7%), chronic kidney disease (24.8% and 16.2%), as well as respiratory diseases (20.1% and 15.3%; p=0.002). Patients with AF in the presence of CHF, compared with patients without CHF, were more often diagnosed with a permanent form of arrhythmia (49.3% and 32.9%; p<0.001) and less often paroxysmal (22.5% and 46.2%; p<0.001) form  of  arrhythmia.  Ejection  fraction  ≤40%  (9.3%  and  1.2%;  p<0.001),  heart  rate  ≥90/min  (23.7% and 19.3%; p=0.008) and blood pressure ≥140/90 mm Hg (59.9% and 52.2%; p<0.001) were recorded with AF in the presence of CHF more often than in the absence of CHF. The frequency of proper cardiovascular pharmacotherapy was higher, albeit insufficient, in the presence of CHF (64.9%) than in the absence of it (56.1%), but anticoagulants were prescribed less frequently when AF and CHF were combined (38.8% and  49, 0%; p<0.001). The frequency of unreasonable prescription of antiplatelet agents instead of anticoagulants was 52.5% and 33.3% (p<0.001) in the combination of AF, CHF and coronary heart disease, as well as in the combination of AF with coronary heart disease but without CHF. Patients with AF and CHF during the observation period compared with those without CHF had higher mortality from all causes (37.6% and 30.3%; p=0.001), the frequency of non-fatal cerebral stroke (8.2% and 5.4%; p=0.032) and myocardial infarction (4.7% and 2.5%; p=0.036), hospitalizations for CVD (22.8% and 15.5%; p<0.001).Conclusion. Patients with a combination of AF and CHF, compared with the group of patients with AF without CHF, were older, had a higher risk of thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications, they were more often diagnosed with other concomitant cardiovascular and chronic noncardiac diseases, decreased left ventricular ejection fraction, tachysystole, failure to achieve the target blood pressure level in the presence of arterial hypertension. The frequency of prescribing proper cardiovascular pharmacotherapy was higher, albeit insufficient, in the presence of CHF, while the frequency of prescribing anticoagulants was less. The  incidence of mortality from all causes, the development of non-fatal myocardial infarction   and cerebral stroke, as well as the incidence of hospitalizations for CVDs were higher in AF associated with CHF

ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ СТРАТЕГИЙ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ МУНИЦИПАЛЬНЫХ РАЙОНОВ НА ОСНОВЕ СИНТЕЗА МЕТОДОВ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ СЛОЖНЫХ СИСТЕМ

The article presents the results of research work on designing the strategies for socio-economic development for the Sholokhovskiy municipal district of Rostov region and Chusovskoy municipal district of Perm Region, which was made by research team of autonomous nonprofit organization of higher education «Eurasian Open Institute» (EOI) during the 2012-2013.В статье представлены результаты научно-исследовательской работы по разработке стратегий социально-экономического развития ряда муниципальных образований Российской Федерации, выполненной научным коллективом Автономной некоммерческой организации высшего профессионального образования «Евразийский открытый институт» (ЕАОИ) в 2012-2013 гг

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ДИНАМИКИ ОПУХОЛЕВОГО КРОВОТОКА ДЛЯ ОЦЕНКИ РАННЕГО ОТВЕТА РАКА МОЛОЧНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ НА НЕОАДЪЮВАНТНУЮ ХИМИОТЕРАПИЮ

Background. Over the past 20 years, there has been a change in approaches to the treatment of breast cancer, in particular, a significant increase in the role of drug therapy. Breast cancer response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy is currently considered as a surrogate biomarker, which allows evaluation of the clinical course and prognosis of the disease. To solve this problem, it is necessary to assess the functional and metabolic changes in tumor tissue during treatment. Doppler ultrasound is a non-invasive, affordable, and low-cost imaging technique that can be safely used for repeated measurements.The purpose of the study was to study vascular changes in the tumor by power Doppler ultrasound for the evaluation of the early breast cancer response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Material and Methods. From May 2017 to August 2019, 63 patients with breast cancer received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Changes in the tumor blood flow were assessed before starting the treatment and prior to the second course of neoadjuvant chemotherapy using Doppler scanning. Changes in tumor blood floor after chemotherapy were compared with the pathological tumor response after surgical treatment.Results. In the vast majority of cases (78 %), there was a decrease in the number of tumor vessels after the first cycle of neoadjuvant chemotherapy independent of the grade of pathological response. In 8 cases with increased vascularization after the first cycle of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, histological examination of the removed tumor showed no response / weak response to treatment in the absence of peritumoral inflammation. In 5 cases, a sharp increase in the number of vessels around large areas of intranodular necrosis and peritumoral inflammation was observed. In general, a comparison of changes in tumor vascularization and pathological response revealed a weak, although statistically significant, negative correlation between changes in the tumor blood flow after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and pathological response.Conclusion. It was not possible to establish an unambiguous relationship between the reaction of the vascular bed and the tumor response to the cytostatic effect. An increase in the number of tumor vessels in the absence of peritumoral inflammation was the only situation when changes in tumor blood flow during chemotherapy can be unambiguously interpreted as a predictive criterion for the absence / weak response of the tumor to treatment.Введение. В течение последних 20 лет произошло изменение подходов к лечению рака молочной железы, в частности существенное повышение роли лекарственной терапии. Ответ на неоадъювантную химиотерапию рассматривается в настоящее время как суррогатный биомаркер, который позволяет оценить течение и прогноз заболевания. Для решения данной задачи необходимо проводить оценку функциональных и метаболических изменений опухолевой ткани в процессе лечения. Ультразвуковая допплерография – это неинвазивный, доступный и недорогой метод визуализации, который можно безопасно использовать для повторных измерений. Цель исследования – изучение динамики васкуляризации опухоли ультразвуковым  методом в режиме энергетического допплера для оценки раннего ответа рака молочной железы на неоадъювантную химиотерапию. Материал и методы. Исследование проводилось на базе ФБУЗ ПОМЦ ФМБА России с мая 2017 по август 2019 г. В исследование были включены 63 больных раком молочной железы, которым проводилась неоадъювантная химиотерапия. Оценка кровотока опухоли с использованием допплеровского сканирования проводилась до начала и перед вторым курсом неоадъювантной химиотерапии. Изменения кровоснабжения опухоли на фоне химиотерапии сопоставлялись с патоморфологическим ответом опухоли после оперативного лечения.Результаты. В подавляющем большинстве случаев (78 %) наблюдалось не зависящее от степени лечебного патоморфоза уменьшение количества опухолевых сосудов после первого курса химиотерапии. В 8 случаях повышения васкуляризации после первого  курса неоадъювантной химиотерапии при гистологическом исследовании удаленной опухоли наблюдалось отсутствие ответа/слабый ответ на лечение при отсутствии перитуморального воспаления, в 5 случаях – резкое увеличение количества сосудов вокруг обширных зон интранодулярного некроза и обусловленного им перитуморального воспаления. В целом сопоставление динамики васкуляризации опухоли и  патоморфологического ответа выявило слабую, хотя и статистически значимую отрицательную корреляцию между изменениями кровоснабжения опухоли на фоне химиотерапии и степенью лечебного патоморфоза. Выводы. Не удалось установить однозначной зависимости между реакцией сосудистого русла и ответом опухоли на цитостатическое воздействие. Повышение количества  опухолевых сосудов при отсутствии перитуморального воспаления оказалось  единственной ситуацией, когда изменения опухолевого кровотока на фоне проведения химиотерапии могут быть однозначно интерпретированы как предиктивный критерий отсутствия/слабого ответа опухоли на лечение

Combination of Atrial Fibrillation and Coronary Heart Disease in Patients in Clinical Practice: Comorbidities, Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes (Data from the REСVASA Registries)

Aim. Assess the structure of comorbid conditions, cardiovascular pharmacotherapy and outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and concomitant coronary artery disease (CAD) included in the outpatient and hospital RECVASA registries.Materials and methods. 3169 patients with AF were enrolled in outpatient RECVASA (Ryazan), RECVASA AF-Yaroslavl registries and hospital RECVASA AF (Moscow, Kursk, Tula). 2497 (78.8%) registries of patients with AF had CAD and 703 (28.2%) of them had a previous myocardial infarction (MI).Results. There were 2,497 patients with a combination of AF and CAD (age was 72.2±9.9 years; 43.1% of men; CHA2DS2-VASc – 4.57±1.61 points; HAS-BLED – 1.60±0,75 points), and the group with AF without CAD included 672 patients (age was 66.0±12.3 years; 43.2% of men; CHA2DS2-VASc – 3.26±1.67 points; HAS-BLED – 1,11±0.74 points). Patients with CAD were on average 6.2 years older and had a higher risk of thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications (p<0.05). 703 patients with a combination of AF and CAD had the previous myocardial infarction (MI; age was 72.3±9.5 years; 55.2% of men; CHA2DS2-VASc – 4.57±1.61; HAS-BLED – 1.65±0.76), and 1794 patients didn't have previous MI (age was 72.2±10.0 years; 38.4% of men; CHA2DS2-VASc – 4.30±1.50; HAS-BLED – 1.58±0.78). The proportion of men was 1.4 times higher among those with the previous MI. Patients with a combination of AF and CAD significantly more often (p <0.0001) than in the absence of CAD received a diagnosis of hypertension (93.8% and 78.6%), chronic heart failure (90.1% and 51.2%), diabetes mellitus (21.4% and 13.8%), chronic kidney disease (24.8% and 17.7%), as well as anemia (7.0% and 3.0%; p=0.001). Patients with and without the previous MI had the only significant difference in the form of a diabetes mellitus higher incidence having the previous MI (27% versus 19.2%, p=0.0008). The frequency of proper cardiovascular pharmacotherapy was insufficient, mainly in the presence of CAD (67.8%) than in its absence (74.5%), especially the prescription of anticoagulants (39.1% and 66.2%; p <0.0001), as well as in the presence of the previous MI (63.3%) than in its absence (74.3%). The presence of CAD and, in particular, the previous MI, was significantly associated with a higher risk of death (risk ratio [RR]=1.58; 95% confidence interval [CI] was 1.33-1.88; p <0.001 and RR=1.59; 95% CI was 1.33-1.90; p <0.001), as well as with a higher risk of developing a combined cardiovascular endpoint (RR=1.88; 95% CI was 1.17-3 , 00; p <0.001 and RR=1.75; 95% CI was 1.44-2.12; p<0.001, respectively).Conclusion. 78.8% of patients from AF registries in 5 regions of Russia were diagnosed with CAD, of which 28.2% had previously suffered myocardial infarction. Patients with a combination of AF and CAD more often than in the absence of CAD had hypertension, chronic heart failure, diabetes, chronic kidney disease and anemia. Patients with the previous MI had higher incidence of diabetes than those without the previous MI. The frequency of proper cardiovascular pharmacotherapy was insufficient, and to a greater extent in the presence of CAD and the previous MI than in their absence. All-cause mortality was recorded in patients with a combination of AF and CAD more often than in the absence of CAD. All-cause mortality and the incidence of nonfatal myocardial infarction were higher in patients with AF and the previous MI than in those without the previous MI. The presence of CAD and, in particular, the previous MI, was significantly associated with a higher risk of death, as well as a higher risk of developing a combined cardiovascular endpoint

Распространенность носительства антител к Chlamydia Pneumoniae и Mycoplasma Pneumoniae среди больных бронхиальной астмой

The aim of this study was to search a level of antibodies against Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) in patients with stable bronchial asthma (BA). Sixty five BA patients were examined. Anti-Ср antibodies were found using the indirect immunofluorescent reaction, anti-Mp antibodies were revealed using the indirect immune enzyme assay. The diagnostic titers of anti-Cp antibodies were detected in 23 patients and of anti-Mp antibodies in 25 of 65 patients (38%). It was important that 6 of them (9.2%) had the anti-Cp antibodies as well. Due to this fact all the patients were divided in 2 groups: serologi­cally positive and serologically negative. Differences were displayed in history and laboratory data, comorbidi­ty and treatment. The results provide the necessity of further investigations in this field.Целью этого этапа работы явилось изучение уровня антител к Chlamydia pneumoniae (Ср) и Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) у больных бронхиальной астмой (БА) в фазе клинической ремиссии. Обследовано 65 пациентов с БА. Для выявления антител к Ср применяли реакцию непрямой иммунофлуоресценции, к Мр — метод непрямого иммуноферментного анализа. В диагностическом титре антитела к Ср были обнаружены у 23 пациентов, а к Мр — у 25 (38%) пациентов из 65. Следует отметить, что у 6 из них (9,2%) также определялись антитела и к Ср. В связи с этим больные были разделены на 2 группы: серопозитивную и серонегативную. Были выявлены различия по некоторым анамнестическим и лабораторным данным, сопутствующей соматической патологии и примененному лечебному комплексу. Полученные данные предполагают актуальность продолжения исследований в данном направлении

Locomotor activity of the Holarctic molluscs Radix auricularia (from Lake Baikal) in various light pollution conditions

Light pollution is a modern environmental problem. The scale of light pollution is increasing yearly and is negatively affecting the functioning of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Of the aquatic ecosystems, marine ecosystems are the most studied, while there is very little information on the effect of artificial lighting on freshwater ecosystems. Among freshwater aquatic organisms, there are relatively little data on the effect of artificial light on crustaceans and fish, while we could find no meaningful data on the effect of artificial light on molluscs are practically absent. Here we test whether different types of artificial lighting, differing in their spectra, affect the activity of the Holarctic mollusc Radix auricularia. For this, we used two light sources (with warm and cold light) and a 1-m long aquarium. We found that both light sources affect individuals of this species, but the effects of this exposure are different. Artificial lighting (depending on the spectral characteristics) can increase the activity of molluscs of this species or reduce it. In the long term, the impact on the ecosystem will depend on the type of water body where light pollution is present, where individuals of this species live, and the type of light sources

ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ ОПТИЧЕСКОЙ ДИФФУЗИОННОЙ СПЕКТРОСКОПИИ В ДИАГНОСТИКЕ РАКА МОЛОЧНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ (КЛИНИЧЕСКИЙ СЛУЧАЙ)

Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignancies and the leading cause of cancer-related death in women worldwide. Currently, mammography and ultrasound are the methods most commonly used for the detection of BC, but these methods have significant limitations in the absence of “classic” visual symptoms of cancer in the breast tissue. In the complicated clinical situations, such methods as magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography are used for the differential diagnosis of breast cancer. Over the past 20 years, the BC imaging capabilities have expanded due to the introduction of optical methods into clinical practice. These methods are based on differences in the optical properties between normal and pathological breast tissues. Optical imaging provides the ability to obtain indirect information about oxygenation, blood supply, delivery and consumption of oxygen in the breast tissue, as well as changes in its scattering properties. We present a clinical case of a woman with enlarged axillary lymph nodes. After the core biopsy of the lymph node, histological examination reveled breast cancer metastasis. The standard imaging modalities, such as digital mammography and ultrasound, did not show the evidence of breast cancer. However, the use of diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) allowed the detection of changes in the absorption and scattering coefficients in a small part of the breast tissue characteristic of a malignant tumor. Ultrasound and mammography images of this site of the breast demonstrated the features of benign lesion. After ultrasound-guided biopsy, cytological examination revealed cancer cells. Thus, the method of DOS allowed identification of changes characteristic to malignant tumor that was not detected by routine imaging modalities.Рак молочной железы (РМЖ) является одной из ведущих проблем клинической онкологии. Общепринятыми методами диагностики РМЖ являются рентгеновская маммография и ультразвуковое исследование, которые имеют существенные ограничения при отсутствии «классических» визуальных симптомов рака в ткани молочной железы. В сложных клинических ситуациях для дифференциальной диагностики РМЖ применяются такие методы, как МРТ и ПЭТ. В течение последних 20 лет возможности уточняющей диагностики РМЖ расширились благодаря внедрению в клиническую практику оптических методов, основанных на различиях оптических свойств нормальных и патологических тканей. Использование различных длин волн зондирующего излучения позволяет детектировать различные тканевые составляющие в зависимости от их спектра поглощения. Использование оптических методов позволяет получить косвенную информацию об оксигенации, кровенаполнении, доставке и потреблении кислорода в ткани молочной железы, а также об изменении ее рассеивающих свойств. В представленном клиническом случае метод оптической диффузионной спектроскопии (ОДС) позволил выявить существенные изменения оптических свойств образования молочной железы, не имеющего никаких «классических» визуальных симптомов рака. У пациентки заболевание проявилось увеличением аксиллярных лимфоузлов. После выполнения core-биопсии лимфатического узла при гистологическом исследовании был выявлен метастаз рака молочной железы. При этом в молочных железах по стандартным методам исследования (цифровая рентгеновская маммография, УЗИ) данных за наличие злокачественной опухоли не было. Однако методом ОДС в небольшом участке ткани молочной железы слева были выявлены изменения коэффициентов поглощения и рассеяния, характерные для злокачественной опухоли. По данным УЗИ и рентгеновской маммографии этот участок соответствовал доброкачественным изменениям. После пункции образования под ультразвуковым контролем цитологически были обнаружены раковые клетки. Таким образом, метод ОДС позволил выявить изменения, присущие злокачественной опухоли, в случае образования, не имеющего признаков малигнизации при использовании рутинных методов диагностики