Тенденция старения осужденных в местах лишения свободы: некоторые проблемы и пути их решения (отечественный и компаративистский аспекты)

The subject of the article is the peculiarities of the execution of imprisonment in relation to the elderly (over 50 years old) as an independent legal institution of penitentiary law in Russia and abroad.The purpose of the article is to identify the patterns and problems of the execution of punishment in the form of imprisonment in relation to elderly people (over 50 years old) in Russia and abroad, taking into account the growth trend of this category of prisoners and propose a legal solution to the problem.Main tasks: (1) to determine using statistical indicators the change in the number of elderly prisoners and identify the main trend in quantitative indicators; (2) identify problems that arise in elderly prisoners due to the lack of legislative regulation of the organization of an accessible environment in correctional institutions; (3) conduct a comparative analysis of the organization of medical care in relation to the elderly when serving a sentence of imprisonment in Russia and abroad; (4) determine ways to improve Russian legislation in the field of punishment in the form of imprisonment in relation to elderly prisoners.Research methodology. When studying the tendency of aging convicts to imprisonment in Russia and abroad, an analysis of statistical data was used. The work is a comparative legal study as a result of the study of domestic and foreign experience in the execution of sentences in the form of imprisonment, as well as the penal policy of Russia and foreign countries in relation to elderly prisoners; specific sociological technique was used when conducting a survey of persons over 55 years old serving a sentence of imprisonment in Russia; the formal-legal method made it possible to formulate a number of proposals on the need to reform penitentiary institutions, taking into account the age characteristics of this category of convicts.Main results and scope of their application. Firstly, the possibility of allocating a separate chapter to the PEC of the Russian Federation on the peculiarities of the execution of punishment in the form of imprisonment of elderly convicts is justified. Secondly, the definition of the concept of "accessible environment", as well as the peculiarities of medical care for elderly convicts, taking into account the relevant experience of foreign countries. Thirdly, there is a need to form legal institutions for the socialization and resocialization of elderly people (over 55 years old) during the period of serving criminal sentences in the form of imprisonment, taking into account age characteristics and foreign experience.Conclusion. Age characteristics and health conditions have a direct impact on the correctional impact of those sentenced to imprisonment. Russian and foreign experience clearly show that at present there is no unified political and legal approach in relation to elderly prisoners, despite the general growth trend of this category of persons. In Russia and abroad, there is a need to build correctional institutions of a new type, which will take into account, among other things, the age characteristics of the convicts. In this case, it is necessary to start with the development of individual legal institutions.Анализируется тенденция роста числа заключенных пожилого возраста, отбывающих наказание в виде лишения свободы в исправительных учреждениях России и других стран.  Отмечается,  что  сохраняется  ежегодная  динамика  роста  числа  лиц  старше55 лет, отбывающих уголовное наказание в исправительных учреждениях России, США и стран Европейского Союза. Делаются выводы о том, что, во-первых, тенденция роста числа пожилых осужденных имеет общемировой характер; во-вторых, в уголовно-исполнительном праве необходимо выделить особый правовой институт, устанавливающий условия отбывания наказаний лицами пожилого возраста; в-третьих, содержание лиц пожилого возраста требует со стороны государства отдельного внимания и дополнительных финансовых затрат в связи с особым состоянием здоровья пожилых лиц; в-четвертых, при разработке законодательства о пробации считаем необходимым уделить особое внимание исследуемой категории лиц

THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY OF VARIETIES OF ALFALFA IN THE CENTRAL-CHERNOZEM ZONE

Three-year study of one hundred world collection of alfalfa was conducted in Central Black-Earth zone of Russia. The varieties of Medicago × varia ‘Zheltogibridnaya 99’, ‘Flora 2’, ‘Karlygash’ and ‘№ 152’ (hybrid ‘Severnaya hybridnaya’ בAugune II’) were recommended for breeding programs. The most variable were character of seed production, productivity of green mass and hay yield productivity; character of foliage and the intensity of regrowth of plants on the 20-th day after spring regrowth had medium variability. The height before the first mowing and height in the phase of full flowering had low variability. There was a significant correlation between the yield of green mass and hay, the yield of green mass and intensity of regrowth and a weak negative correlation between the yield of green mass and seed yield

Clinical and Immunological Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Non-Penetrating Deep Sclerectomy in the Early Postoperative Period

Today the mechanisms of pathological scarring and inconsistency of the intraocular fluid outflow pathways after nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS), reducing its effectiveness, have not yet been determined. There is no systematic information about the regulatory role of cytokine TGF-β and MMP-9 in the mechanisms of formation of the newly created intraocular fluid outflow pathways.Aim: to assess changes in the clinical and immunological status of patients with open-angle glaucoma after NPDS in the early postoperative period.Methods. A prospective examination of 26 patients with open-angle glaucoma before and in 1 month after NPDS with determination of concentration of TGF-β and MMP-9 in tear humor. One month after NPDS, all patients were divided into two groups depending on the effect of the operation achieved according to the developed criteria.Results. Before the operation, tears TGF-β values in group 1 exceeded baseline values of group 2 by 1.4 times, the initial content of MMP-9 in tears in both groups was comparable. After the operation, in group 1, a moderate increase in the concentration of tears TGF-β by 1.3 times and a significant increase in the concentration of tears MMP-9 in 4.6 times compared with baseline values were revealed. In patients of group 2, after NPDS, there was a significant increase in the concentration of tears TGF-β, on average, 2.4 times relative to preoperative values, the content of MMP-9 did not significantly change.Conclusion. 1 month after NPDS, an imbalance in the concentration of TGF-β and MMP-9 in tears was detected in patients of the two groups that have fundamental clinical differences in the hypotensive effect and the formation of postoperative intraocular fluid outflow pathways

Metabolomic approach to investigate <i>Dactylis glomerata</i> L. from the VIR collection

The perennial grass cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) is a valuable early highly nutritious crop used as green fodder in agricultural production. The species is widespread across the Eurasian continent; it is characterized by plasticity and high ecological and geographical variability. The article considers the metabolic profiles of 15 accessions of the cocksfoot from the collection of the N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR). The material is represented by varieties and wild forms of various origin: the European part of the Russian Federation, Norway and Finland. The study was carried out using gas-liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The study and comparison of groups of metabolites of cocksfoot accessions of various ecological and geographical origin was carried out. Statistical processing included the calculation of the main parameters of variability, factor analysis of the correlation system (Qand R-technique), cluster analysis by Ward’s method and discriminant analysis. The variability of the quantitative and qualitative composition of the substances identified was revealed. Based on statistical processing of the results obtained, five groups of cocksfoot accessions were identified, differing in the profile of metabolites. One of the groups with a similar composition of metabolites consisted of accessions from one ecological and geographical region; another, of accessions of different origin. Significant differences were noted in the metabolomic profiles of a late-maturing wild cocksfoot accession from the Republic of Karelia at the booting stage from earlyand mid-maturing accessions at the heading stage; it contained the largest number of free amino acids and the smallest number of identified primary and secondary metabolites. Wild-growing accession k-44020 from Norway surpassed other wild-growing accessions in the content of free amino acids, sugars and phosphates at the heading stage. Wildgrowing accessions differed from breeding varieties with a high content of proline and threonine, indicators of high resistance to lack of moisture and high air temperature

Study of acute and chronic toxicity of feed additive based on vermiculture

The paper presents the results of study of the toxicity of a feed additive, which includes Leuzea safflower (Rhaponticum carthamoides) and protein obtained from vermiculture. The acute toxicity of the feed additive was studied in 31 SD white rats. It has been established that the acute oral toxicity of the feed additive is above 2500 mg/kg, which makes it possible to classify the feed additive as hazard class 3 and classify it as “moderately hazardous” according to GOST 12.1.007-76. The chronic toxicity of the feed additive was studied in 22 SD white rats. The feed additive was administered orally at a dose of 120 and 1200 mg/kg for 30 days. Long-term effects were assessed 14 days after the last introduction of the feed additive. To assess the toxic effects, the effect of the additive on the general condition of the animals, food and water intake was evaluated, blood and urine were analyzed. Complete blood count was carried out by standard methods with the determination of the following parameters: hematocrit, hemoglobin level, the number of erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes, eosinophils, segmented neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. The study of biochemical parameters of blood was carried out using standard kits for biochemical analysis. The following indicators were determined: ALT, total bilirubin, glucose, creatinine and urea. The urinalysis included the determination of the following indicators: density, leukocytes, nitrites, pH, erythrocytes, protein,  glucose, ascorbic acid, ketones, urobilinogen, bilirubin. There was no statistically significant difference in blood and urine parameters between the animals of the control and experimental groups. A pathohistological examination of the stomach, liver, kidneys and heart was carried out, which showed the absence of a toxic effect of the feed additive. Local irritant action was studied in pathomorphological studies. It has been established that the feed additive does not have an irritating effect at the injection site. Thus, the feed additive can be used in feeding farm animals and birds at the recommended dose

The role of neurohumoral factors in the persistence of aseptic bone inflammation in patients with diabetic neuroosteoarthropathy

BACKGROUND: Diabetic neuroosteoarthropathy (DNOAP, Charcot foot) is a relatively rare complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), which can lead not only to impaired support function of the lower limb in such patients, but also to high amputation. DNOAP is characterized by persistent aseptic inflammation of the bone structures of the foot, which creates significant ­difficulties in planning therapeutic measures. In the medical literature, there are data demonstrating the role of individual ­cytokines and neurohumoral factors in the prolongation of the inflammatory process in diabetes, however, there are currently very few studies that determine reliable markers of aseptic inflammation in DNOAP.AIM: To study the effect of neurohumoral factors and advanced glycation end products on the activity of aseptic inflammation in the bone structures of the foot in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and diabetic neuroosteoarthropathy.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study included 88 patients with type 2 diabetes (45 men, 43 women). Group 1 consisted of patients with DM2 and inactive DNOAP (n= 43), group 2 (n= 45) consisted of patients with DM2 and distal diabetic neuropathy without osteoarticular pathology. The diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy was based on the analysis of the clinical picture and indicators of peripheral sensitivity. Diagnosis of DNOAP and determination of its stage was based on clinical data, the results of infrared thermometry and radiology tests of the foot bones. General clinical assessment was used, radiology tests (X-ray, MRI), evaluation of CRP, calprotectin, copeptin, glutathione peroxidase 1 (GP1).RESULTS. According to the results of examination and palpation of the feet, as well as the analysis of the temperature gradient of the skin of the affected and contralateral limb (infrared thermometry), DNOAP was detected and the stage of this complication was determined. The diagnosis of the chronic stage of DNOAP was confirmed by the results of MRI and the clinical picture (no difference in skin temperature on the symmetrical areas of the feet). According to the results of laboratory analysis, a statistically significant difference in copeptin values was revealed — in group 1 — 0.232 µg/ml [0.147; 0.342], in group 2 — 0.115 µg/ml [0.065; 0.203] (p&gt;0.05) and CRP — in group 1 — 7.113 mg/l [2.453; 16.505], in group 2 — 2.187 mg/l [1.131; 5.567] (p&gt;0.05), leukocyte levels in the groups did not differ significantly: group 1 — 7.86 [6.40; 9.00]*10^9, group 2 — 7.00 [6.00; 8.15] (p&gt;0.05). There was a trend towards an increase in the level of calprotectin and glutathione peroxidase-1 in the DNOAP group, however, the differences were not significant. calprotectin — in group 1 — 1.948 [1.229; 2.969], in group 2 — 1.692 [1.16; 2.514] μg/ml and glutathione peroxidase-1 in group 1 — 24.72 [20.1; 31.82], in group 2 — 22.98 [18.94; 31.2] ng/ml.CONCLUSION. In the study, statistically significant differences were obtained in the levels of copeptin and C-reactive protein: in patients with DNOAP, their values were significantly higher, which indicates the persistence of the aseptic inflammatory process in the bone tissue of patients even in the chronic stage of DNOAP. These data may help in deciding whether to use one or another method of unloading the affected joints, which will affect the clinical prognosis. The study of neurohumoral markers of arthropathy in the blood serum of patients with DM2 is carried out for the first time, and therefore it is difficult to compare with the results of other authors. It can be assumed that copeptin and CRP are significant markers of persistent inflammation of the osteoarticular structures of the foot in DNOAP

ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЕ ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ГЕМОСТАТИЧЕСКИХ ШВОВ ПРИ РЕЗЕКЦИИ ПОЧКИ ПО ПОВОДУ ОПУХОЛИ

The investigation deals with the study of the biomechanical properties of renal tissues and the comparison of different hemostatic suture procedures used during resection of the kidney for its tumor. The performed experimental study allows one to recommend that a renal capsule as the organ’s most stable and plastic part must be necessarily inserted into the hemostatic suture on both sides. The elastic modulus (Young’s modulus) serves as an integral indicator of the deformation-strength properties of renal tissues, which enables it to be recommended for the wider use in experimental and clinical studies. The proposed modified suture can minimize the number of postoperative bleedings from the renal parenchyma and reduce the time of surgery, thereby improving the results of organ-saving treatment in patients with kidney cancer.Исследование посвящено изучению биомеханических свойств тканей почки и сравнению различных методик гемостатических швов, применяемых при резекции почки по поводу опухоли. Проведенное экспериментальное исследование позволяет рекомендовать обязательное включение в гемостатический шов с двух сторон почечную капсулу как наиболее прочную и пластичную часть органа. Модуль упругости (модуль Юнга) служит интегральным показателем деформационно-прочностных свойств тканей почки, что позволяет рекомендовать его для более широкого использования в экспериментальных и клинических исследованиях. Предлагаемый модифицированный шов позволяет сократить до минимума число послеоперационных кровотечений из паренхимы почки, уменьшить время операции и тем самым улучшить результаты органосохраняющего лечения больных раком почки

Анатомо-топографические критерии эффективности непроникающей глубокой склерэктомии

PURPOSE: To assess the anatomical and topographic features of the trabeculo-descemet membrane when forming the outflow pathways of the intraocular fluid after nonpenetrating deep sclerectomy, and also to substantiate the indications and timing of laser descemetopuncture. METHODS: The effectiveness of antihypertensive laser goniopuncture was analyzed in 500 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Group 1 consisted of 250 patients (retrospective study), group 2 included 250 patients (prospective study). Clinical groups were comparable by gender, age, glaucoma stage and hypotensive therapy regimen. The follow-up period lasted for 3 years. All patients postoperatively underwent ultrasound biomicroscopy of internal fistula, intrascleral channel and filtering blebs by means of UBM-Hi (Opticon, Italy). The principal difference of the second clinical group was strict adherence to the technology of surgical stage of the operation (the height of the wave function was at least 0.8±0.09 mm), and to laser goniopuncture terms and technology. RESULTS: We determined optimal UBM-criteria of internal fistula: height — 0.8±0.09 mm, thickness — 0.09±0.004 mm. Performing laser goniopuncture 1-1.12 months after the surgery was justified in 100% of cases. In group 1 laser goniopuncture was conducted 3.4±1.9 months after the surgery. Intraocular fluid outflow pathways were functional in 59.6% 1 year after laser goniopuncture as compared to 24.8% after 3 years. In 2 group laser goniopuncture was conducted in 1.12±0.08 months. Absolute surgical success after 12 months amounted to 84.8%, and 60.4%after 3 years of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Regarding penetrating deep sclerectomy as a two-step procedure in all cases, strict implementation of the technology and time intervals between surgical and laser stages allows optimizing the morphogenesis of outflow pathways and increasing the hypotensive effect of the combined intervention. ЦЕЛЬ. Оценить анатомо-топографические особенности трабекуло-десцеметовой мембраны при формировании путей оттока внутриглазной жидкости после непроникающей глубокой склерэктомии (НГСЭ), а также обосновать показания и сроки проведения лазерной десцеметогониопунктуры (ЛДГП). МЕТОДЫ. Проанализирована гипотензивная эффективность НГСЭ у 500 пациентов с первичной открытоугольной глаукомой. 1-я группа включала 250 пациентов (ретроспективное исследование), 2-я группа — 250 пациентов (проспективное исследование). Клинические группы релевантны по полу, возрасту, стадиям глаукомы и режиму местной терапии. Сроки наблюдения — 3 года. Всем пациентам в послеоперационном периоде проводилась ультразвуковая биомикроскопия (УБМ) внутренней фистулы, интрасклерального канала и фильтрационной подушки с оценкой параметрических (высота) и морфометрических (степень эхогенности) показателей. Принципиальным отличием 2-й клинической группы явилось соблюдение технологии хирургического этапа операции (высота ВФ не менее 0,8±0,09 мм), а также сроков и технологии проведения ЛДГП. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ. Определены оптимальные УБМ-критерии внутренней фистулы после НГСЭ: высота 0,8±0,09 мм, толщина 0,09±0,004 мм и наличие в ней участка «прерывания» после ЛДГП. Обосновано выполнение ЛДГП в 100% случаев в сроки 1-1,12 месяца после хирургического этапа. В 1-й группе сроки ЛДГП составили 3,4±1,9 месяца, а состоятельные пути оттока ВГЖ определялись в 59,6% через 1 год, в 24,8% через 3 года после НГСЭ. Во 2-й группе сроки ЛДГП составили 1,12±0,08 месяца. Через 12 месяцев полный гипотензивный успех определялся в 84,8%, к 3 годам — в 60,4% случаев. ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ. Позиционирование НГСЭ как двухэтапной процедуры в абсолютном количестве случаев, строгое соблюдение технологии и временного интервала между хирургическим и лазерным этапами позволяют оптимизировать морфогенез путей оттока и повысить полный гипотензивный эффект этих вмешательств.

Cytogenomic Profile of Uterine Leiomyoma: In Vivo vs. In Vitro Comparison

We performed a comparative cytogenomic analysis of cultured and uncultured uterine leiomyoma (UL) samples. The experimental approach included karyotyping, aCGH, verification of the detected chromosomal abnormalities by metaphase and interphase FISH, MED12 mutation analysis and telomere measurement by Q-FISH. An abnormal karyotype was detected in 12 out of 32 cultured UL samples. In five karyotypically abnormal ULs, MED12 mutations were found. The chromosomal abnormalities in ULs were present mostly by complex rearrangements, including chromothripsis. In both karyotypically normal and abnormal ULs, telomeres were ~40% shorter than in the corresponding myometrium, being possibly prerequisite to chromosomal rearrangements. The uncultured samples of six karyotypically abnormal ULs were checked for the detected chromosomal abnormalities through interphase FISH with individually designed DNA probe sets. All chromosomal abnormalities detected in cultured ULs were found in corresponding uncultured samples. In all tumors, clonal spectra were present by the karyotypically abnormal cell clone/clones which coexisted with karyotypically normal ones, suggesting that chromosomal abnormalities acted as drivers, rather than triggers, of the neoplastic process. In vitro propagation did not cause any changes in the spectrum of the cell clones, but altered their ratio compared to uncultured sample. The alterations were unique for every UL. Compared to its uncultured counterpart, the frequency of chromosomally abnormal cells in the cultured sample was higher in some ULs and lower in others. To summarize, ULs are characterized by both inter- and intratumor genetic heterogeneity. Regardless of its MED12 status, a tumor may be comprised of clones with and without chromosomal abnormalities. In contrast to the clonal spectrum, which is unique and constant for each UL, the clonal frequency demonstrates up or down shifts under in vitro conditions, most probably determined by the unequal ability of cells with different genetic aberrations to exist outside the body

Investigation of physico-chemical properties of milk formulas "Similac" 1,2,3,4

The aim of the study – to carry out the analysis of milk mixtures "Similac" 1,2,3,4, evaluating the quantitative indicators of physico-chemical values.Цель исследования – провести анализ молочных смесей «Similac» 1,2,3,4, оценив количественные показатели физико-химических величин