The Impact of Technological Development on the Generation of Architectural Styles

ان التطور المتسارع في التكنولوجيا المتعددة اثر بشكل كبير على النتاجات وتفاصيلها المعمارية فأصبحت لا تنتمي الى هوية معينة، وتأثرت بالأشكال الغربية، وعبرت النتاجات بتكويناتها وتفاصيلها عن تأثر الفرد بالحركات المعمارية المعاصرة وغياب علاقتها مع هوية الفرد والمجتمع وبهذا فهي تؤثر سلبا على هوية العمارة المحلية، فتمثلت مشكلة البحث بوجود فجوة معرفية حول تأثير التكنولوجيا المعاصرة في توليد الطرز المعمارية، اما هدف البحث تمثل بدراسة تأثير التكنولوجيا المعاصرة على توليد التفاصيل المعمارية المتمثلة بالطرز المعمارية، ويفترض البحث بالامكان تتبع اثر التطور التكنولوجي في تقنيات ومواد الانشاء لتوليد طراز محلي على مستوى التفاصيل مستنبطة من الطرز المعمارية المحلية وذات هوية محلية تعبر عن قيم مجتمع ومتأثرة بالتطور التكنولوجي.شملت الدراسة العملية تحليل نتاجات معمارية غربية ونتاجات معمارية عربية ومحلية بالاعتماد على مفهوم التطور التكنولجي وتوليد الطرز المعمارية من خلال دراسة التفاصيل المعمارية المتمثلة في واجهات المباني. توصل البحث الى استخدام الطرز المعمارية المستنبطة من العمارة المحلية في النتاجات المعمارية المتأثرة بالتطور التكنولوجي، وبالامكان الاعتماد على مفردات التوليد لانتاج طرز معمارية مواكبة للتطور التكنولوجي وترتبط بهوية العمارة المحلية المعاصرة.The rapid development of multiple technology has greatly affected the products and architectural details becoming they do not belong to a particular identity, and was influenced by western forms, and the products expressed their compositions and details about the individual's influence on contemporary architectural movements and the absence of their relationship with the identity of the individual and society, Thus it negatively affects the identity of local architecture, the problem of research was the existence of a knowledge gap about the impact of contemporary technology in the generation of architectural styles, but the objective of the research is to study the impact of contemporary technology on the generation architectural details represented by architectural styles, research assumes new styles derived from local architectural styles with a local identity can be generated that reflect the values of society and are influenced by technological development .The practical study included the analysis of Western architecture and Arab and local architectural products based on the concept of technological evolution and the generation of architectural styles by studying the architectural details represented by the elevations of buildings. The research has found will be used architectural styles read from local architecture in architectural productions influenced by technological development, and it is possible to depended on the vocabulary of generation to produce architectural styles that are keeping with technological development and linked to the identity of contemporary local architecture

Assessing the uncertainty of tree height and Aboveground Biomass from Terrestrial Laser Scanner and Hypsometer using Airborne LiDAR data in Tropical rainforests

Tree height is one of the key parameters for estimating forest aboveground biomass (AGB). Traditionally, the tree height is measured by hypsometers, which are widely used to validate Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) and Airborne LiDAR (ALS). However, the measurements from hypsometers are subject to huge uncertainties in comparison with TLS and ALS. The error associated with the height measurements propagate into the AGB estimation models, and eventually downgrade the accuracy of estimated AGB and the subsequent carbon stock. In this research, we test the use of Hypsometer, TLS and ALS in a tropical lowland rainforest to measure the height (H) and Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and take Airborne LiDAR as a benchmark with high accuracy and fidelity in height measurements. The results revealed that, the field height measured by hypsometer underestimated the tree height with RMSE of 3.11, whereas the TLS underestimated height with RMSE of 1.61, when Airborne LiDAR was used as a benchmark to validate the field measurement and TLS. Due to significant differences in derived height measurements, the AGB and carbon stock also varied remarkably with values of 146.33 Mg and 68.77 Mg from field measurements, 170.86 Mg and 80.31 Mg from TLS, 179.85 Mg and 84.53 Mg using the Airborne LiDAR. Considering the Airborne LiDAR measurement as the most accurate, the AGB and carbon stock from field measurement represent 85.55% of total AGB and carbon stock estimation from Airborne LiDAR. Meanwhile, TLS measurements reflect 95.02% of AGB and carbon stock benchmarked with the measurements from Airborne LiDAR data. The results demonstrate the huge uncertainty in height measurement of large trees in comparison with small trees indicated by the significant differences. It was concluded that AGB and carbon stocks are sensitive to height measurement errors derived from various methods for measuring the tree height, the size of trees as large trees are difficult to measure height using hypsometer and TLS as opposed to small trees that are visible as well as the forest conditions. Compared with Airborne LiDAR, TLS achieved the higher accuracy of height estimation (R2 = 0.91 with RMSE of 1.61) than the Hypsometer (R2 =0.61 with RMSE of 3.11)

Comparison of individual tree crown delineation method for carbon stock estimation using very high resolution satellite images

Greenhouse gas inventories and emission reduction program requires scientifically robust methods to quantify forest carbon storage in forest. Remote sensing techniques are accurate and low-cost alternatives to the field based assessment. High spatial resolution remotely sensed imagery provides viable sources and opportunities for forest inventory at an individual tree level. The study aims to compare two methods to delineate the individual tree crown to develop a model to estimate carbon stock obtained from field survey and the crown projection area derived from high resolution satellite data of 0.5 m spatial resolution (GeoEye-1). The performance of two algorithms, namely region growing and valley following of object oriented classification was compared in the dense broadleaf forest of Ludhikhola watershed, Gorkha, Nepal. The region growing of eCognition and valley following of ITC algorithms were used to delineate individual tree crowns produced a segmentation accuracy of 68% and 58% respectively. The region growing is based on finding the local minima to create the boundary and local maxima to locate the potential tree top. The valley following algorithm is also based on finding the local minima by following the shades between the valleys of the trees canopies. Shorea robusta trees were identified in the image using a nearest neighbor classification approach with an overall accuracy of 74%

Modelling the relationship between tree canopy projection area and above ground carbon stock using high resolution GeoEye satellite images

Carbon stock estimation of above ground tree biomass is important for 'reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation' (REDD) credit to mitigate climate change due to anthropogenic causes. Automatic delineation of individual tree crown (ITC) techniques results in a substantial error due to presence of intermingled canopy trees in the estimation of above ground carbon stock. The aim of this study was to establish regression models for the relationship of canopy projection area (CPA) with forest tree parameters, i.e., diameter at breast height (DBH), basal area (BA), biomass and carbon stock of standalone and intermingled canopy trees of dominant species for the prediction of above ground carbon stock. This study was carried out in subtropical broadleaf forest in Chitwan, Nepal. High resolution GeoEye satellite image was used for manual delineation of CPA of standalone and intermingled canopy trees of the dominant species. Above ground tree dry biomass was calculated from the field measured DBH using allometric equation. Above ground tree carbon stock was obtained by multiplying their dry biomass with the factor 0.47. Individual basal area of intermingled canopy trees was calculated separately and was summed up (ΣBA) along with the summation of their carbon stock (Σcarbon). Correlation analysis was carried out to assess the linear relationship between CPA, DBH, BA, biomass, and carbon stock. Four types of functions, i.e., simple linear, quadratic, logarithmic and power, were used to fit the data using least square regression method. Shorea robusta, Schima wallichii and Terminalia alata were found dominant tree species in the study area forest. The relationship of CPA with DBH of standalone trees was found linear with coefficient of determination (R 2) ranging from 0.63 for Schima wallichii to 0.69 for Shorea robusta and 0.74 for Terminalia alata. The relationship of CPA with biomass or carbon stock of standalone trees was also revealed linear with R 2 ranging from 0.53 for Schima wallichii to 0.62 for Terminalia alata and 0.65 for Shorea robusta. The relationship of CPA with ΣBA and Σcarbon of intermingled canopy trees of Shorea robusta was also found linear with R 2 of 0.29 and 0.25 respectively. Simple linear regression model resulted in the least error for the prediction of carbon stock of standalone and intermingled canopy trees