An exploration of lifestyle beliefs and lifestyle behaviour following stroke: findings from a focus group study of patients and family members

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Stroke is a major cause of disability and family disruption and carries a high risk of recurrence. Lifestyle factors that increase the risk of recurrence include smoking, unhealthy diet, excessive alcohol consumption and physical inactivity. Guidelines recommend that secondary prevention interventions, which include the active provision of lifestyle information, should be initiated in hospital, and continued by community-based healthcare professionals (HCPs) following discharge. However, stroke patients report receiving little/no lifestyle information.</p> <p>There is a limited evidence-base to guide the development and delivery of effective secondary prevention lifestyle interventions in the stroke field. This study, which was underpinned by the Theory of Planned Behaviour, sought to explore the beliefs and perceptions of patients and family members regarding the provision of lifestyle information following stroke. We also explored the influence of beliefs and attitudes on behaviour. We believe that an understanding of these issues is required to inform the content and delivery of effective secondary prevention lifestyle interventions.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We used purposive sampling to recruit participants through voluntary sector organizations (29 patients, including 7 with aphasia; 20 family members). Using focus group methods, data were collected in four regions of Scotland (8 group discussions) and were analysed thematically.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Although many participants initially reported receiving no lifestyle information, further exploration revealed that most had received written information. However, it was often provided when people were not receptive, there was no verbal reinforcement, and family members were rarely involved, even when the patient had aphasia. Participants believed that information and advice regarding healthy lifestyle behaviour was often confusing and contradictory and that this influenced their behavioural intentions. Family members and peers exerted both positive and negative influences on behavioural patterns. The influence of HCPs was rarely mentioned. Participants' sense of control over lifestyle issues was influenced by the effects of stroke (e.g. depression, reduced mobility) and access to appropriate resources.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>For secondary prevention interventions to be effective, HCPs must understand psychological processes and influences, and use appropriate behaviour change theories to inform their content and delivery. Primary care professionals have a key role to play in the delivery of lifestyle interventions.</p

Estimating the lifetime economic burden of stroke according to the age of onset in South Korea: a cost of illness study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The recently-observed trend towards younger stroke patients in Korea raises economic concerns, including erosion of the workforce. We compared per-person lifetime costs of stroke according to the age of stroke onset from the Korean societal perspective.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A state-transition Markov model consisted of three health states ('post primary stroke event', 'alive post stroke', and 'dead') was developed to simulate the natural history of stroke. The transition probabilities for fatal and non-fatal recurrent stroke by age and gender and for non-stroke causes of death were derived from the national epidemiologic data of the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Services and data from the Danish Monitoring Trends in Cardiovascular Disease study. We used an incidence-based approach to estimate the long-term costs of stroke. The model captured stroke-related costs including costs within the health sector, patients' out-of-pocket costs outside the health sector, and costs resulting from loss of productivity due to morbidity and premature death using a human capital approach. Average insurance-covered costs occurring within the health sector were estimated from the National Health Insurance claims database. Other costs were estimated based on the national epidemiologic data and literature. All costs are presented in 2008 Korean currency values (Korean won = KRW).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The lifetime costs of stroke were estimated to be: 200.7, 81.9, and 16.4 million Korean won (1,200 KRW is approximately equal to one US dollar) for men who suffered a first stroke at age 45, 55 and 65 years, respectively, and 75.7, 39.2, and 19.3 million KRW for women at the same age. While stroke occurring among Koreans aged 45 to 64 years accounted for only 30% of the total disease incidence, this age group incurred 75% of the total national lifetime costs of stroke.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>A higher lifetime burden and increasing incidence of stroke among younger Koreans highlight the need for more effective strategies for the prevention and management of stroke especially for people between 40 and 60 years of ages.</p

Role-Based Access Control Models

This article introduces a family of reference models for role-based access control (RBAC) in which permissions are associated with roles, and users are made members of appropriate roles. This greatly simplifies management of permissions. Roles are closely related to the concept of user groups in access control. However, a role brings together a set of users on one side and a set of permissions on the other, whereas user groups are typically defined as a set of users only. The basic concepts of RBAC originated with early multi-user computer systems. The resurgence of interest in RBAC has been driven by the need for general-purpose customizable facilities for RBAC and the need to manage the administration of RBAC itself. As a consequence RBAC facilities range from simple to complex. This article describes a novel framework of reference models to systematically address the diverse components of RBAC, and their interactions

Role-Based Access Control: A Multi-Dimensional View

Recently there has been considerable interest in role-based access control (RBAC) as an alternative, and supplement, to the traditional discretionary and mandatory access controls (DAC and MAC) embodied in the Orange Book. The roots of RBAC can be traced back to the earliest access control systems. Roles have been used in a number of systems for segregating various aspects of security and system administration. Recent interest in RBAC has been motivated by the use of roles at the application level to control access to application data. This is an important innovation which offers the opportunity to realize benefits in securing an organization&apos;s information assets, similar to the benefits of employing databases instead of files as the data repository. A number of proposals for RBAC have been published in the literature, but there is no consensus on precisely what is meant by RBAC. This paper lays the groundwork for developing this consensus. In our view RBAC is a concept which has several dimen..