Role of deregulated microRNAs in breast cancer progression Using FFPE tissue

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to cancer initiation and progression by silencing the expression of their target genes, causing either mRNA molecule degradation or translational inhibition. Intraductal epithelial proliferations of the breast are histologically and clinically classified into normal, atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). To better understand the progression of ductal breast cancer development, we attempt to identify deregulated miRNAs in this process using Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissues from breast cancer patients. Following tissue microdissection, we obtained 8 normal, 4 ADH, 6 DCIS and 7 IDC samples, which were subject to RNA isolation and miRNA expression profiling analysis. We found that miR-21, miR-200b/c, miR-141, and miR-183 were consistently up-regulated in ADH, DCIS and IDC compared to normal, while miR-557 was uniquely down-regulated in DCIS. Interestingly, the most significant miRNA deregulations occurred during the transition from normal to ADH. However, the data did not reveal a step-wise miRNA alteration among discrete steps along tumor progression, which is in accordance with previous reports of mRNA profiling of different stages of breast cancer. Furthermore, the expression of MSH2 and SMAD7, two important molecules involving TGF-β pathway, was restored following miR-21 knockdown in both MCF-7 and Hs578T breast cancer cells. In this study, we have not only identified a number of potential candidate miRNAs for breast cancer, but also found that deregulation of miRNA expression during breast tumorigenesis might be an early event since it occurred significantly during normal to ADH transition. Consequently, we have demonstrated the feasibility of miRNA expression profiling analysis using archived FFPE tissues, typically with rich clinical information, as a means of miRNA biomarker discovery

mRNA vaccine in cancer therapy: Current advance and future outlook

Abstract Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines are a relatively new class of vaccines that have shown great promise in the immunotherapy of a wide variety of infectious diseases and cancer. In the past 2 years, SARS‐CoV‐2 mRNA vaccines have contributed tremendously against SARS‐CoV2, which has prompted the arrival of the mRNA vaccine research boom, especially in the research of cancer vaccines. Compared with conventional cancer vaccines, mRNA vaccines have significant advantages, including efficient production of protective immune responses, relatively low side effects and lower cost of acquisition. In this review, we elaborated on the development of cancer vaccines and mRNA cancer vaccines, as well as the potential biological mechanisms of mRNA cancer vaccines and the latest progress in various tumour treatments, and discussed the challenges and future directions for the field

Role of deregulated microRNAs in breast cancer progression using FFPE tissue.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to cancer initiation and progression by silencing the expression of their target genes, causing either mRNA molecule degradation or translational inhibition. Intraductal epithelial proliferations of the breast are histologically and clinically classified into normal, atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). To better understand the progression of ductal breast cancer development, we attempt to identify deregulated miRNAs in this process using Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissues from breast cancer patients. Following tissue microdissection, we obtained 8 normal, 4 ADH, 6 DCIS and 7 IDC samples, which were subject to RNA isolation and miRNA expression profiling analysis. We found that miR-21, miR-200b/c, miR-141, and miR-183 were consistently up-regulated in ADH, DCIS and IDC compared to normal, while miR-557 was uniquely down-regulated in DCIS. Interestingly, the most significant miRNA deregulations occurred during the transition from normal to ADH. However, the data did not reveal a step-wise miRNA alteration among discrete steps along tumor progression, which is in accordance with previous reports of mRNA profiling of different stages of breast cancer. Furthermore, the expression of MSH2 and SMAD7, two important molecules involving TGF-β pathway, was restored following miR-21 knockdown in both MCF-7 and Hs578T breast cancer cells. In this study, we have not only identified a number of potential candidate miRNAs for breast cancer, but also found that deregulation of miRNA expression during breast tumorigenesis might be an early event since it occurred significantly during normal to ADH transition. Consequently, we have demonstrated the feasibility of miRNA expression profiling analysis using archived FFPE tissues, typically with rich clinical information, as a means of miRNA biomarker discovery

Microdissected samples from breast cancer FFPE blocks.

*<p>The letters (A, B, C …) represent each patient and the numbers, 1, 2, 3, 4 indicate “Normal”, “ADH”, “DCIS”, “IDC” respectively in each patient's FFPE tissue. “X” means that no histological samples were obtained from an individual FFPE sample.</p

QRT-PCR verification of miRNAs expression results from microarray data.

<p>Blue bars represent the results from microarray, while red bars indicate the results from qRT-PCR. The error bars are the standard error of mean (SEM) for each analysis. QRT-PCR results are largely consistent with our microarray data. Five representative miRNAs (miR-21, miR-183, miR-141, and miR-200b/c) were observed up-regulated during the Normal-ADH transition, and their high expression levels were maintained throughout the tumor developmental stages. miR-557 was found to be down-regulated specifically in the DCIS stage.</p

A representative list of deregulated miRNA entities during the breast lesion transition.

<p>A set of samples diagnosed with Normal, ADH, DCIS, and IDC (4 of each) were subject to the microarray analysis as we performed for the microdissected groups. In both paired and un-paired analyses, there were more deregulated miRNAs during the Normal-ADH transition compared to other processes. Deregulated miRNAs that appeared in both analyses are bolded.</p

Knockdown of miR-21 restores the expression of SMAD7 and MSH2 in MCF-7 and Hs578T breast cancer cell lines.

<p>MCF-7 and Hs578T cells were transfected with miR-21 inhibitor and a negative mock control using the Lipofectamine 2000 kit (Invitrogen). After 48 hrs, miR-21 expression level was knocked down by ∼10 fold as compared to the mock controls in both MCF-7 (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0054213#pone-0054213-g006" target="_blank">Fig. 6A</a>) and Hs578T (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0054213#pone-0054213-g006" target="_blank">Fig. 6B</a>) cell lines using the Invitrogen SYBR green qRT-PCR kit. Untransfected cells were also included in the analysis (WT). With down-regulated miR-21 in both MCF-7 and Hs578T cells, MSH2 and SMAD7 mRNA expression was up-regulated by ∼1.67 and ∼3.6 fold, respectively (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0054213#pone-0054213-g006" target="_blank">Fig. 6A and 6B</a>), while the protein level was increased by ∼35–43% for MSH2 and ∼80–133% for SMAD7 (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0054213#pone-0054213-g006" target="_blank">Fig. 6C</a>).</p

Venn diagram of ANOVA test results from paired and unpaired miRNA expression analysis.

<p>ANOVA test on the paired miRNA microarray data analysis resulted in 35 deregulated miRNAs, while ANOVA test on the unpaired analysis showed 98 deregulated miRNAs. There are 10 overlapping miRNAs (miR-1268, mir-130a, miR-141, miR-193b, miR-200b, miR-21, miR-320a, miR-370, miR-557 and kshv-mir-K12-3).</p