Numerical analysis of tsunami-triggered oil spill fires from petrochemical industrial complexes in Osaka Bay, Japan, for thermal radiation hazard assessment

This study assesses thermal radiation hazards from tsunami-triggered oil spill fires from petrochemical industrial complexes in Japan, and demonstrates that the assessment provides useful results for understanding how large an area will be exposed to high thermal radiation, and which tsunami vertical evacuation buildings will be in danger from the fires. A tsunami-triggered oil spill fire spread model was applied for the Port of Osaka, which has approximately 360 ha of petrochemical industrial complexes. A tsunami following a hypothetical magnitude 8.6 earthquake along the Nankai Trough subduction zone was considered. Oil spills caused by the tsunami and fire spread over oil were numerically simulated for several scenarios by varying the initial ignition location and time. Hazard maps representing the spatial distribution of maximum radiant heat flux from the fires were created. The calculations showed that one tsunami vertical evacuation building was exposed to a radiant heat flux of 40 kW/m2 or more in the worst-case scenario. Therefore, this building is likely to be ignited by the fires, and it is recommended that this building be used as little as possible for tsunami vertical evacuation. In addition, ten tsunami vertical evacuation buildings, which are not likely to be ignited, would, in several scenarios, be exposed to a radiant heat flux that exceeds the minimum heat flux that causes human skin burns. Therefore, when rooftops of these buildings are used for refuge areas, measures for shielding these areas from thermal radiation need to be implemented, such as mounting parapet walls on rooftops

Numerical Simulation of InGaSb Crystals Growth under Microgravity Onboard the International Space Station

In x Ga 1-x Sb bulk crystal was grown using a GaSb(seed)/InSb/GaSb(feed) sandwich-structured system onboard the International Space Station (ISS). In order to investigate the transport phenomena especially in terms of interface shapes and dissolution heights, the dissolution process was simulated under a micro-gravity level of the ISS. Simulation results showed that the seed/melt interface was concave towards the seed due to the temperature distribution of the system. This prediction is in good agreement with the results of our previous experimental study

Pilot Plant Preparation of <i>tert-</i>Butyl-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-piperidine-1-carboxylate, An Intermediate of Novel Antiarteriosclerotics, Via a Safe, Scalable Reformatsky-Type Reaction

Reported here is a safe, scalable process via a Reformatsky-type reaction of iminium salt (<b>4</b>) followed by Red-Al reduction giving <i>tert</i>-butyl-4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-piperidine-1-carboxylate (<b>6</b>), an intermediate of novel antiarteriosclerotics (<b>1</b>). The key points of this safe process are the use of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) for the iminium salt formation, vigorous stirring for the Reformatsky reaction, and slow addition of methyl bromoacetate. Pilot manufacturing on the 500 L scale was achieved