Activation of PPARγ inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells

AbstractWe investigated the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and the role of PPARγ in cell growth in human gastric cancer cells. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Northern blot and Western blot analyses showed that a human gastric cancer cell line, MKN45, expressed PPARγ mRNA and protein. Luciferase assay in MKN45 cells showed that troglitazone, a selective ligand for PPARγ, transactivated the transcription of a peroxisome proliferator response element-driven promoter. Troglitazone or pioglitazone, selective ligands for PPARγ, inhibited the growth of MKN45 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Co-incubation of MKN45 cells with troglitazone induced DNA ladder formation. These results suggest that human gastric cancer cells express PPARγ and that activation of PPARγ inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells

cis9, trans11-Conjugated Linoleic Acid Differentiates Mouse 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes into Mature Small Adipocytes through Induction of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ

Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been reported to exhibit a number of therapeutic effects in animal models and patients, such as anti-hypertensive, anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-arteriosclerotic, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-diabetic effects. However, the underlying mechanism is not well-characterized. In the present study, the effects of cis(c)9, trans(t)11-CLA on the differentiation of mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into mature adipocytes were examined. Treatment with c9, t11-CLA in the presence of insulin, dexamethasone, and 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (differentiation cocktail) significantly stimulated the accumulation of triacylglycerol. The microscopic observation of cells stained by Oil Red O demonstrated that c9, t11-CLA increases the amount and proportion of small mature adipocytes secreting adiponectin, a benign adipocytokine, when compared to the differentiation cocktail alone. Furthermore, c9, t11-CLA increased bioactive peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) levels in a nuclear extract of 3T3-L1 cells, suggesting the enhancing effect of this fatty acid on the nuclear transmission of PPARγ, a master regulator of adipocyte differentiation, in 3T3-L1 cells. These results suggest that the therapeutic effects of c9, t11-CLA on lifestyle-related diseases are partially due to the enhanced formation of small adipocytes from preadipocytes via PPARγ stimulation

SOCS-1/SSI-1-Deficient NKT Cells Participate in Severe Hepatitis through Dysregulated Cross-Talk Inhibition of IFN-γ and IL-4 Signaling In Vivo

AbstractSuppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS-1), also known as STAT-induced STAT inhibitor-1 (SSI-1), is a negative feedback molecule for cytokine signaling, and its in vivo deletion induces fulminant hepatitis. However, elimination of the STAT1 or STAT6 gene or deletion of NKT cells substantially prevented severe hepatitis in SOCS-1-deficient mice, while administration of IFN-γ and IL-4 accelerated its development. SOCS-1 deficiency not only sustained IFN-γ/IL-4 signaling but also eliminated the cross-inhibitory action of IFN-γ on IL-4 signaling. These results suggest that SOCS-1 deficiency-induced persistent activation of STAT1 and STAT6, which would be inhibited by SOCS-1 under normal conditions, may induce abnormal activation of NKT cells, thus leading to lethal pathological changes in SOCS-1-deficient mice

Evaluasi Peran Sistem Pengendalian Manajemen untuk Meminimalkan Konflik pada Badan USAha Keluarga “K” di Tulungagung

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi peran sistem pengendalian manajemen untuk meminimalkan konflik. Penelitian ini merupakan applied research yang dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Objek penelitian dalam penelitian ini yaitu badan USAha keluarga “K” di Tulungagung. Sumber data untuk penelitian ini adalah narasumber yang terdiri dari direktur, supervisor dan karyawan. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara semi structured, observasi, dan analisis dokumen. Hasil evaluasi yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sistem pengendalian manajemen yang diterapkan oleh badan USAha “K” sudah berhasil meminimalkan konflik seperti substantive conflict. Namun ada beberapa bentuk pengendalian manajemen yang masih memiliki kelemahan yang berpotensi dan telah menimbulkan process conflict dan affective conflict khususnya di badan USAha “K” saat ini