Proportion of outcross-pollen grains found on insects visiting <i>Castanea crenata</i>.

<p>Circles and bars represent each individual insect samples and the average value for each insect group, respectively. Values with different letters are significantly different at <i>P</i> < 0.008 (GLMM with Bonferroni adjustment). Bumblebee, <i>n</i> = 6; small bee, <i>n</i> = 5; fly, <i>n</i> = 8; small beetle, <i>n</i> = 9.</p

Correlated paternity and effective number of pollen donors.

<p>(a) Correlated paternity between two pollen grains within a pollen pool found on insects visiting <i>Castanea crenata</i>. Circles and bars represent individual insect samples and the average value for each insect group, respectively. Values with different letters are significantly different at <i>P</i> < 0.05 (Steel–Dwass test). (b) Effective number of pollen donors was the reciprocal of the mean of correlated paternity.</p

Variation in Pollen-Donor Composition among Pollinators in an Entomophilous Tree Species, <i>Castanea crenata</i>, Revealed by Single-Pollen Genotyping

<div><p>Background</p><p>In plants, reproductive success is largely determined by the composition of pollen (i.e., self-pollen and outcross-pollen from near and distant pollen-donors) transported as a result of pollinator foraging behavior (e.g., pollen carryover). However, little evidence is available on how and to what extent the pollen carryover affects the pollen-donor composition and on which insect taxa are effective outcross-pollen transporters under field conditions. In this study, we explored roles of foraging behavior of insect pollinators on pollen-donor composition and subsequent reproductive success in a woody plant.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We performed paternity analyses based on microsatellite genotyping of individual pollen grains found on diurnal pollinators (i.e., bumblebee, small bee, fly, small beetle, and honeybee) visiting <i>Castanea crenata</i> trees.</p><p>Results</p><p>The outcross-pollen rate was highest in bumblebees (66%), followed by small bees (35%), flies (31%), and small beetles (18%). The effective number of pollen donors, representing pollen carryover, was greater in bumblebees (9.71) than in flies (3.40), small bees (3.32), and small beetles (3.06). The high percentages of pollen from outside the plot on bumblebees (65.4%) and flies (71.2%) compared to small bees (35.3%) and small beetles (13.5%) demonstrated their longer pollen dispersal distances.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>All of the diurnal insects carried outcross-pollen grains for long distances via pollen carryover. This fact suggests that a wide range of insect taxa are potential outcross-pollen transporters for the self-incompatible <i>C</i>. <i>crenata</i>.</p></div

Characteristics of the microsatellite loci, including the type of fluorescent dye (Dye) and the mixing ratio of fluorescent and non-fluorescent forward primers (Fl: Non-fl), the observed number of alleles (<i>N</i>_A), observed (<i>H</i>_O) and expected (<i>H</i>_E) heterozygosity, probability of exclusion when one parent is known (<i>P</i>_EX), and estimated null allele frequency by locus for the 60 individual <i>Castanea crenata</i> trees at the Field Research Center, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan.

<p>These parameters were calculated using CERVUS 3.0.3 [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120393#pone.0120393.ref054" target="_blank">54</a>].</p><p>*Overall combined exclusion probability</p><p>Characteristics of the microsatellite loci, including the type of fluorescent dye (Dye) and the mixing ratio of fluorescent and non-fluorescent forward primers (Fl: Non-fl), the observed number of alleles (<i>N</i>_A), observed (<i>H</i>_O) and expected (<i>H</i>_E) heterozygosity, probability of exclusion when one parent is known (<i>P</i>_EX), and estimated null allele frequency by locus for the 60 individual <i>Castanea crenata</i> trees at the Field Research Center, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan.</p

Histograms showing distances between assigned pollen donors and the trees from which insects were collected.

<p>Gray bars indicate the proportion of pollen from outside the plot found on insects. Values with different letters are significantly different at <i>P</i> < 0.05 (χ² test followed by Ryan’s method as post hoc test).</p

Matsuo_etal_Ecol&Evol2017_Dryad

Matsuo_etal_Ecol&Evol2017_Drya

Un transcodage graphique: les m\ue9moires de Saint-Simon dessin\ue9s par Jean van L\ue9da

180123_SNPs_dat

Clonal Structure, Seed Set, and Self-Pollination Rate in Mass-Flowering Bamboo Species during Off-Year Flowering Events

<div><p>Bamboos are typical examples of highly synchronized semelparous species. Their mass-flowering events occur at supra-annual intervals but they sometimes flower on a small scale in off-years. If some bamboo ramets (culms) of a genet flower and die in off-years, whereas other culms of the same genet do not flower synchronously, the genet can still survive blooming in an off-year and could participate in the next mass-flowering event. At genet level, the effect might be similar to that achieved by synchronously reproducing iteroparous plants. In addition, if multiple genets flower simultaneously in off-years, cross-pollination will be promoted. However, it is not known whether all the culms in a genet flower synchronously and whether multiple genets flower in off-years. We determined the clonal structure of three temperate dwarf bamboo species, i.e., <i>Sasa senanensis</i>, <i>S. kurilensis</i>, and <i>S. palmata</i>, at 24 off-year flowering sites and the surrounding areas in northern Japan using seven microsatellite markers. We also estimated seed set at seven of the sites and self-pollination rates at five sites to determine off-year reproductive success. Next, we investigated whether seed sets at the culm level were related to flowering area and/or number of flowering genets, using generalized linear mixed-effect models (GLMMs). Multiple genets flowered at 9/24 flowering sites. We found that 40/96 of the genets identified had some flowering culms. Non-flowering culms were present in 24/40 flowering genets. Seed set was in the range 2.2%–12.5% and the self-pollination rate was 96.3%. In the best GLMM, seed set increased with flowering area. Seeds were produced in off-years, but cross-pollination was rare in off-years. We suggest that some dwarf bamboos may exhibit iteroparity or imperfectly synchronized semelparity at the genet level, a characteristic similar to that of other reproductively synchronous plants. We also found synchronous flowering of a few genets even in off-years.</p></div

Study sites.

<p>Open circles: sites used only to determine clonal structure; gray circles: sites used to determine clonal structure and the seed set; black circles: sites used to determine clonal structure, seed set, and self-pollination rate. Some sites were too close to separate in the figure, so they are shown together.</p

Data on morphology and SNPs

SNP data files (labeled by gene_pop) of Ischnura asiatica and I. senegalensis. Data used for BaysAss is labeled by "BaysAss". Morphology data include both abdomen length of wing length