9,470 research outputs found
Test Set Diameter: Quantifying the Diversity of Sets of Test Cases
A common and natural intuition among software testers is that test cases need
to differ if a software system is to be tested properly and its quality
ensured. Consequently, much research has gone into formulating distance
measures for how test cases, their inputs and/or their outputs differ. However,
common to these proposals is that they are data type specific and/or calculate
the diversity only between pairs of test inputs, traces or outputs.
We propose a new metric to measure the diversity of sets of tests: the test
set diameter (TSDm). It extends our earlier, pairwise test diversity metrics
based on recent advances in information theory regarding the calculation of the
normalized compression distance (NCD) for multisets. An advantage is that TSDm
can be applied regardless of data type and on any test-related information, not
only the test inputs. A downside is the increased computational time compared
to competing approaches.
Our experiments on four different systems show that the test set diameter can
help select test sets with higher structural and fault coverage than random
selection even when only applied to test inputs. This can enable early test
design and selection, prior to even having a software system to test, and
complement other types of test automation and analysis. We argue that this
quantification of test set diversity creates a number of opportunities to
better understand software quality and provides practical ways to increase it.Comment: In submissio
Exact non-linear equations for cosmological perturbations
We present a complete set of exact and fully non-linear equations describing
all three types of cosmological perturbations -- scalar, vector and tensor
perturbations. We derive the equations in a thoroughly gauge-ready manner, so
that any spatial and temporal gauge conditions can be employed. The equations
are completely general without any physical restriction except that we assume a
flat homogeneous and isotropic universe as a background. We also comment
briefly on the application of our formulation to the non-expanding Minkowski
background.Comment: (v1) 10 pages, 1 table; (v2) important update to employ any spatial
gauge condition; (v3) more discussions, to appear in Journal of Cosmology and
Astroparticle Physic
A CHANGE OF SCALE FORMULA FOR WIENER INTEGRALS ON ABSTRACT WIENER SPACES
In this paper we obtain a change of scale formula for Wiener integrals on abstract Wiener spaces. This formula is shown to hold for many classes of functions of interest in Feynman integration theory and quantum mechanics
A call for the aggressive treatment of oligometastatic and oligo-recurrent non-small cell lung cancer.
Metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) carries a dismal prognosis. Clinical evidence suggests the existence of an intermediate, or oligometastatic, state when metastases are limited in number and/or location. In addition, following initial curative therapy, many patients present with limited metastatic disease, or oligo-recurrence. Metastasis-directed, anti-cancer therapies may benefit these patients. A growing evidence-base supports the use of hypofractionated, image-guided radiotherapy (HIGRT) for a variety of malignant conditions including inoperable stage I NSCLC and many metastatic sites. When surgical resection is not possible, HIGRT offers an effective alternative for local treatment of limited metastatic disease. Early studies have produced promising results when HIGRT was delivered to all known sites of disease in patients with oligometastatic/oligo-recurrent NSCLC. In a population of patients formerly considered rapidly terminal, these studies report five year overall survival rates of 13-22%. HIGRT for metastatic NSCLC warrants further study. We call for large, intergroup, and even international randomized trials incorporating HIGRT and other metastasis-directed therapies into the treatment of patients with oligometastatic/oligo-recurrent NSCLC
Impact of surface roughness in nanogap plasmonic systems
Recent results have shown unprecedented control over separation distances
between two metallic elements hundreds of nanometers in size, underlying the
effects of free-electron nonlocal response also at mid-infrared wavelengths.
Most of metallic systems however, still suffer from some degree of
inhomogeneity due to fabrication-induced surface roughness. Nanoscale roughness
in such systems might hinder the understanding of the role of microscopic
interactions. Here we investigate the effect of surface roughness in coaxial
nanoapertures resonating at mid-infrared frequencies. We show that although
random roughness shifts the resonances in an unpredictable way, the impact of
nonlocal effects can still be clearly observed. Roughness-induced perturbation
on the peak resonance of the system shows a strong correlation with the
effective gap size of the individual samples. Fluctuations due to fabrication
imperfections then can be suppressed by performing measurements on structure
ensembles in which averaging over a large number of samples provides a precise
measure of the ideal system's optical properties
- …