46 research outputs found
Error estimates of numerical methods for the nonlinear Dirac equation in the nonrelativistic limit regime
We present several numerical methods and establish their error estimates for
the discretization of the nonlinear Dirac equation in the nonrelativistic limit
regime, involving a small dimensionless parameter which is
inversely proportional to the speed of light. In this limit regime, the
solution is highly oscillatory in time, i.e. there are propagating waves with
wavelength and in time and space, respectively. We
begin with the conservative Crank-Nicolson finite difference (CNFD) method and
establish rigorously its error estimate which depends explicitly on the mesh
size and time step as well as the small parameter . Based on the error bound, in order to obtain `correct' numerical solutions
in the nonrelativistic limit regime, i.e. , the CNFD method
requests the -scalability: and
. Then we propose and analyze two numerical methods
for the discretization of the nonlinear Dirac equation by using the Fourier
spectral discretization for spatial derivatives combined with the exponential
wave integrator and time-splitting technique for temporal derivatives,
respectively. Rigorous error bounds for the two numerical methods show that
their -scalability is improved to and
when compared with the CNFD method. Extensive
numerical results are reported to confirm our error estimates.Comment: 35 pages. 1 figure. arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with
arXiv:1504.0288
A uniformly accurate (UA) multiscale time integrator pseudospectral method for the Dirac equation in the nonrelativistic limit regime
We propose and rigourously analyze a multiscale time integrator Fourier
pseudospectral (MTI-FP) method for the Dirac equation with a dimensionless
parameter which is inversely proportional to the speed of
light. In the nonrelativistic limit regime, i.e. , the
solution exhibits highly oscillatory propagating waves with wavelength
and in time and space, respectively. Due to the rapid
temporal oscillation, it is quite challenging in designing and analyzing
numerical methods with uniform error bounds in . We
present the MTI-FP method based on properly adopting a multiscale decomposition
of the solution of the Dirac equation and applying the exponential wave
integrator with appropriate numerical quadratures. By a careful study of the
error propagation and using the energy method, we establish two independent
error estimates via two different mathematical approaches as
and ,
where is the mesh size, is the time step and depends on the
regularity of the solution. These two error bounds immediately imply that the
MTI-FP method converges uniformly and optimally in space with exponential
convergence rate if the solution is smooth, and uniformly in time with linear
convergence rate at for all and optimally with
quadratic convergence rate at in the regimes when either
or . Numerical results are
reported to demonstrate that our error estimates are optimal and sharp.
Finally, the MTI-FP method is applied to study numerically the convergence
rates of the solution of the Dirac equation to those of its limiting models
when .Comment: 25 pages, 1 figur
A machine learning method for locating subsynchronous oscillation source of VSCs in wind farm induced by open-loop modal resonance based on measurement
In recent years, sub-synchronous oscillation incidents have been reported to happen globally, which seriously threatens the safe and stable operation of the power system. It is difficult to locate the oscillation source in practice using the parameterized model of open-loop modal resonance. Therefore, this paper aims at the problem of oscillation instability caused by the interaction between the multiple voltage source converters in the wind farm grid-connected system, proposes a method for locating the oscillation source of a wind farm using measurement data based on the transfer learning algorithm of transfer component analysis. At the same time, in order to solve the problem of the lack of oscillation data and the inability to label in the real system, a simplified simulation system was proposed to generate large batches of labeled training samples. Then, the common features of the samples from simulation system and the real system were learned through the transfer component analysis algorithm. Afterward, a classifier was trained to classify samples with common features. Finally, two grid-connected wind farms with VSC access are used to verify that the proposed method has good locating performance. This has important reference value for the practical application of power grid dispatching and operation using measurement to identify oscillation sources
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GWAS Identifies Novel Susceptibility Loci on 6p21.32 and 21q21.3 for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Carriers
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have recently identified KIF1B as susceptibility locus for hepatitis B virus (HBV)–related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To further identify novel susceptibility loci associated with HBV–related HCC and replicate the previously reported association, we performed a large three-stage GWAS in the Han Chinese population. 523,663 autosomal SNPs in 1,538 HBV–positive HCC patients and 1,465 chronic HBV carriers were genotyped for the discovery stage. Top candidate SNPs were genotyped in the initial validation samples of 2,112 HBV–positive HCC cases and 2,208 HBV carriers and then in the second validation samples of 1,021 cases and 1,491 HBV carriers. We discovered two novel associations at rs9272105 (HLA-DQA1/DRB1) on 6p21.32 (OR = 1.30, P = 1.13×) and rs455804 (GRIK1) on 21q21.3 (OR = 0.84, P = 1.86×), which were further replicated in the fourth independent sample of 1,298 cases and 1,026 controls (rs9272105: OR = 1.25, P = 1.71×; rs455804: OR = 0.84, P = 6.92×). We also revealed the associations of HLA-DRB1*0405 and 0901*0602, which could partially account for the association at rs9272105. The association at rs455804 implicates GRIK1 as a novel susceptibility gene for HBV–related HCC, suggesting the involvement of glutamate signaling in the development of HBV–related HCC
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Error estimates of numerical methods for the nonlinear Dirac equation in the nonrelativistic limit regime
We present several numerical methods and establish their error estimates for
the discretization of the nonlinear Dirac equation in the nonrelativistic limit
regime, involving a small dimensionless parameter 0<\varepsilon\ll 1 which is
inversely proportional to the speed of light. In this limit regime, the
solution is highly oscillatory in time, i.e. there are propagating waves with
wavelength and in time and space, respectively. We
begin with the conservative Crank-Nicolson finite difference (CNFD) method and
establish rigorously its error estimate which depends explicitly on the mesh
size and time step as well as the small parameter 0<\varepsilon\le
1. Based on the error bound, in order to obtain `correct' numerical solutions
in the nonrelativistic limit regime, i.e. 0<\varepsilon\ll 1, the CNFD method
requests the -scalability: and
. Then we propose and analyze two numerical methods
for the discretization of the nonlinear Dirac equation by using the Fourier
spectral discretization for spatial derivatives combined with the exponential
wave integrator and time-splitting technique for temporal derivatives,
respectively. Rigorous error bounds for the two numerical methods show that
their -scalability is improved to and
when 0<\varepsilon\ll 1 compared with the CNFD method. Extensive
numerical results are reported to confirm our error estimates