Temporary trade barriers and enterprise export market changes: evidence from China

In theory, previous studies believed that the export market of enterprises was homogeneous. There is no difference in each export market, which is obviously inconsistent with the actual trade situation. This paper divides the export market of enterprises into main export market and secondary export market according to the export status, explores the export changes of enterprises to the main export market and secondary export market respectively when the temporary trade barriers of the main export market to the trade exporting country are raised. This paper focuses on the impact of the main export market on the anti-dumping degree, countervailing level and the improvement of trade safeguard measures on the export conversion of enterprises between the main and secondary markets. The research shows that the increase of the anti-dumping degree of the main market against the trade exporting countries will lead to the higher probability of role exchange between the main and secondary markets; The countervailing level of the main market against the trade exporting countries rises, and the export of enterprises is more likely to turn to the secondary market; The greater the trade safeguard measures in the main market, the more likely the secondary market will become the main marke

The Border Effects of Domestic Trade in Transitional China: Local Governments’ Preference and Protectionism

Following a two-region border effect model with consumption preference of local governments, this article examines the segmentation of the Chinese domestic market as well as its determinants. Through empirical tests, we find that the average border effect of domestic trade among provinces in China showed an upward trend from 1997–2002 and 2002–2010. The significant difference of border effects between western and eastern areas of China indicate more regional trade barriers in the western areas than in the eastern areas. In addition, compared to agricultural products, there are less trade barriers on industrial products. This partially verifies that there is more trade protection and self-consumption from local government on raw materials. Under the local governments’ preference for regional protection, the higher degree of financial autonomy and larger output share of SOEs will both significantly contribute to the trade barriers among provinces. Local governments’ behavior is the key to understanding the pattern of border effects among provinces

Research on Teaching Practice of Academic Literature Reading for Higher Vocational Students

Reading academic literature and writing literature review are common assignments in university education.Although there are many sources describing the process of literature reading and literature review, teachers and students still face many difficulties in accomplishing these tasks.As an informal course, this course is the final report of eight years of the authors' teaching literature reading in combination with course/graduation practical activities.At present, our school has three-year and four-year students, and the teaching requirements of them are different. This paper suggests that the academic literature reading guide should be integrated into the teaching framework of literature review or become a separate course, so as to meet the cultivation needs of them.Moreover, this paper describes the teaching process of the literature reading for all freshmen majoring in logistics, and takes the causes of the bullwhip effect as a case study to demonstrate some details of critical reading. The results show that students present enough confidence, interest and sense of achievement after class to alleviate their anxiety and fear of literature reading. Keywords:literature review,literature reading,critical reading,mind map DOI: 10.7176/JEP/12-24-02 Publication date:August 31st 2021

Engineering the band gap, fermi level, electronic and magnetic properties of transparent conducting oxides

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

Jordan bid to the Gulf Cooperation Council and Implications for the Expended GCC

In 2011, the Gulf Cooperation council (GCC) invited Jordan and Morocco to join the council. This research is geared to evaluate the potential benefits of joining the GCC for the case of Jordan. It is argued that Jordan’s inclusion to the block would strengthen the economy of the member states, increase trade and investment opportunities and improve peace in the region. GCC Membership to Jordan might possibly support its economy and larger investment flows from the Gulf countries. On the flipside, Jordan accession carries several potential benefits to the GCC. Jordan’s strength is linked with its close proximity to the GCC, cordial relationships with the US and the EU and free trade agreements with major economies. Moreover, Jordan inherits professional military. If Jordan is part of the GCC, it might consolidate the military power and augment security of the GCC. Since the Arab Spring, the peace of the Middle East remained volatile. Recent rift between Saudi Arabia and Qatar, war in Syria and Yemen further destabilized the security of the region. This has also undermined the future of the GCC. In these circumstances, the expansion of the GCC is realistic and Jordan case caries some merit. Keywords: GCC, Jordan, Economic Integration, Peace and Security JEL: E61, F36, F50, F53, F59 DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-6-14 Publication date: February 29th 202

Phosphorylation of TGB1 by protein kinase CK2 promotes barley stripe mosaic virus movement in monocots and dicots.

The barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) triple gene block 1 (TGB1) protein is required for virus cell-to-cell movement. However, little information is available about how these activities are regulated by post-translational modifications. In this study, we showed that the BSMV Xinjiang strain TGB1 (XJTGB1) is phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro by protein kinase CK2 from barley and Nicotiana benthamiana. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis and in vitro phosphorylation assays demonstrated that Thr-401 is the major phosphorylation site of the XJTGB1 protein, and suggested that a Thr-395 kinase docking site supports Thr-401 phosphorylation. Substitution of Thr-395 with alanine (T395A) only moderately impaired virus cell-to-cell movement and systemic infection. In contrast, the Thr-401 alanine (T401A) virus mutant was unable to systemically infect N. benthamiana but had only minor effects in monocot hosts. Substitution of Thr-395 or Thr-401 with aspartic acid interfered with monocot and dicot cell-to-cell movement and the plants failed to develop systemic infections. However, virus derivatives with single glutamic acid substitutions at Thr-395 and Thr-401 developed nearly normal systemic infections in the monocot hosts but were unable to infect N. benthamiana systemically, and none of the double mutants was able to infect dicot and monocot hosts. The mutant XJTGB1T395A/T401A weakened in vitro interactions between XJTGB1 and XJTGB3 proteins but had little effect on XJTGB1 RNA-binding ability. Taken together, our results support a critical role of CK2 phosphorylation in the movement of BSMV in monocots and dicots, and provide new insights into the roles of phosphorylation in TGB protein functions

Advances in the pharmacological effects and molecular mechanisms of emodin in the treatment of metabolic diseases

Rhubarb palmatum L., Polygonum multijiorum Thunb., and Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. Et Zucc. are traditional Chinese medicines that have been used for thousands of years. They are formulated into various preparations and are widely used. Emodin is a traditional Chinese medicine monomer and the main active ingredient in Rhubarb palmatum L., Polygonum multijiorum Thunb., and Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. Et Zucc. Modern research shows that it has a variety of pharmacological effects, including promoting lipid and glucose metabolism, osteogenesis, and anti-inflammatory and anti-autophagy effects. Research on the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of emodin can promote its clinical application. This review aims to provide a basis for further development and clinical research of emodin in the treatment of metabolic diseases. We performed a comprehensive summary of the pharmacology and molecular mechanisms of emodin in treating metabolic diseases by searching databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and CNKI up to 2023. In addition, this review also analyzes the toxicity and pharmacokinetics of emodin. The results show that emodin mainly regulates AMPK, PPAR, and inflammation-related signaling pathways, and has a good therapeutic effect on obesity, hyperlipidemia, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes and its complications, and osteoporosis. In addition, controlling toxic factors and improving bioavailability are of great significance for its clinical application

On the Existence of Solutions for Impulsive Fractional Differential Equations

We are concerned with a type of impulsive fractional differential equations attached with integral boundary conditions and get the existence of at least one positive solution via global bifurcation techniques