Bioactivity of Cicuta virosa L. var. latisecta Celak. (Umbelliferae: Cicutal) against Red Imported Fire Ant under Laboratory and Field Conditions

We evaluated the bioactivities of compounds from Cicuta virosa L. var. latisecta Celak. against red imported fire ants (Solenopsis invicta Buren) under field and laboratory conditions. The compounds were as follows: methanol extract; petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate fractions from the methanol extract; and the active compound isoimperatorin, which was isolated from the chloroform-fraction. The 7 d LC50 values of the methanol extract, petroleum ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate fractions and isoimperatorin toward micrergates were 111.20, 214.45, 40.90, 569.67, and 25.73 mg/kg, res­pectively. The corresponding LC50 values toward macrergates were 155.78, 308.38, 75.01, 776.75, and 42.77 mg/kg, res­pectively. Under field conditions, baits containing 0.2% methanol extract, 0.1% chloroform fraction, and 0.05% isoimperatorin efficiently controlled S. invicta, with effectiveness percentages of 95.56%, 97.78%, and 95.56%, respectively on the 30th day after bait application. Such effectiveness percentages were not significantly different from that obtained using the positive control fipronil. The present study showed that C. virosa L. var. latisecta has potential as a natural control agent for the red imported fire ants

High-contrast coronagraph for ground-based imaging of Jupiter-like planets

We propose a high-contrast coronagraph for direct imaging of young Jupiter-like planets orbiting nearby bright stars. The coronagraph employs a step-transmission filter in which the intensity is apodized with a finite number of steps of identical transmission in each step. It should be installed on a large ground-based telescope equipped with state-of-the-art adaptive optics systems. In that case, contrast ratios around 10^-6 should be accessible within 0.1 arc seconds of the central star. In recent progress, a coronagraph with circular apodizing filter has been developing, which can be used for a ground-based telescope with central obstruction and spider structure. It is shown that ground-based direct imaging of Jupiter-like planets is promising with current technology

Evaluation of Cardioprotective Effects of Genistein against Diabetes-induced Cardiac Dysfunction in Rats

Purpose: To investigate the possible cardioprotective effects and potential pharmacological mechanism of genistein.Methods: Six-week old ZDF and lean rats were randomized into 4 groups (8 rats/group), including group 1 (control lean rats); group 2 (lean rats treated with genistein, 2.5 mg/kg); group 3 (control ZDF rats); and group 4 (ZDF treated with genistein). Two groups (2 and 4) were treated with genistein for 12 weeks, and cardiac functions and metabolic alterations were determined. Macrophage/monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1 (MCP-1), vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) secretion and their messenger RNA transcription level also were observed.Results: Genistein attenuated diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction and pathological alterations, by improving glucose tolerance and insulin resistance; facilitating Akt activation and glucose utilization, and attenuating oxidative stress and interrelated MAP kinase and NF-κB signalling pathways. In addition, genistein treatment markedly reduced diabetic-induced MCP-1 (83.33 %), VCAM-1 (74.66 %) and ICAM-1 (71.42 %) secretion and mRNA transcription in ZDF rats.Conclusion: The results demonstrate the putative effects of genistein against cardiovascular dysfunction by improving glucose homeostasis, attenuating oxidative stress and reduced diabeticinduced endothelial dysfunction in ZDF rats. Thus, genistein is a potential candidate for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases.Keywords: Cardiac dysfunction, Genistein, Oxidative stress, Inflammatory response, Insulin resistance, Glucose toleranc

An iterative wave-front sensing algorithm for high-contrast imaging systems

Wave-front sensing from focal plane multiple images is a promising technique for high-contrast imaging systems. However, the wave-front error of an optics system can be properly reconstructed only when it is very small. This paper presents an iterative optimization algorithm for the measurement of large static wave-front errors directly from only one focal plane image. We firstly measure the intensity of the pupil image to get the pupil function of the system and acquire the aberrated image on the focal plane with a phase error that is to be measured. Then we induce a dynamic phase to the tested pupil function and calculate the associated intensity of the reconstructed image on the focal plane. The algorithm is to minimize the intensity difference between the reconstructed image and the tested aberrated image on the focal plane, where the induced phase is as the variable of the optimization algorithm. The simulation shows that the wave-front of an optics system can be theoretically reconstructed with a high precision, which indicates that such an iterative algorithm may be an effective way for the wave-front sensing for high-contrast imaging systems.Comment: 7 pages, 7 figure

Seroprevalence of <em>Lawsonia intracellularis</em> antibodies in intensive pig farms in China

BACKGROUND: Porcine proliferative enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis (L. intracellularis) is a major concern to the pig industry worldwide. Although 8.3 billion pigs are produced each year in China, few reports on the prevalence of L.intracellularis infection are available. The aim of the current study was to estimate the seroprevalence of L. intracellularis antibodies in intensive pig farms in China. RESULTS: A total of 1060 serum samples were collected from 14 commercial pig farms located throughout China. Animals from all age groups were sampled including pre-weaning piglets, weaners, fattening pigs, adult sows and boars. Antibodies against L. intracellularis were detected using a specific blocking ELISA. Of the 1060 serum samples, 602 were identified as positive using the ELISA test. The apparent seroprevalence of L. intracellularis seropositivity was 57% (95% CI 50 to 64%). The true prevalence (that is, prevalence corrected for the imperfect sensitivity and specificity of the testing method) was 77% (95% CI 70 to 83%). CONCLUSIONS: The highest true prevalence was observed in sows and boars, suggesting that within a herd these stock classes are a reservoir for infection. The prevalence of L. intracellularis seropositivity in local breed pigs was significantly less than that in imported breeds. A higher seroprevalence was found in pigs in herds in Central and Northern China, which may correspond to the greater use of the intensive production systems in these areas. We conclude that L. intracellularis is widely prevalent in commercial pigs in China

Altered Topological Properties of Gray Matter Structural Covariance Networks in Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy

Background and Aims: Liver cirrhosis commonly induces brain structural impairments that are associated with neurological complications (e.g., minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE)), but the topological characteristics of the brain structural network are still less well understood in cirrhotic patients with MHE. This study aimed to conduct the first investigation on the topological alterations of brain structural covariance networks in MHE.Methods: This study included 22 healthy controls (HCs) and 22 cirrhotic patients with MHE. We calculated the gray matter volume of 90 brain regions using an automated anatomical labeling (AAL) template, followed by construction of gray matter structural covariance networks by thresholding interregional structural correlation matrices as well as graph theoretical analysis.Results: MHE patients showed abnormal small-world properties of the brain structural covariance network, i.e., decreased clustering coefficient and characteristic path length and lower small-worldness parameters, which indicated a tendency toward more random architecture. In addition, MHE patients lost hubs in the prefrontal and parietal regions, although they had new hubs in the temporal and occipital regions. Compared to HC, MHE patients had decreased regional degree/betweenness involving several regions, primarily the prefrontal and parietal lobes, motor region, insula and thalamus. In addition, the MHE group also showed increased degree/betweenness in the occipital lobe and hippocampus.Conclusion: These results suggest that MHE leads to altered coordination patterns of gray matter morphology and provide structural evidence supporting the idea that MHE is a neurological complication related to disrupted neural networks

Aqua­{N-[1-(2-oxidophen­yl)ethyl­idene]-l-serinato}copper(II) monohydrate

In the title compound, [Cu(C11H11NO4)(H2O)]·H2O, each CuII ion is four-coordinated by one N and two O atoms from the tridentate Schiff base ligand, and by one O atom from the coordinated water mol­ecule in a distorted square-planar geometry. Inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link complex mol­ecules and solvent water mol­ecules into flattened columns propagated in [100]

Toxicities comparison of rotenone and acetone extract of Tephrosiavogelii and Derris trifoliate against Solenopsis invicta

The high rotenone content and the rotenone crude extract of Tephrosia vogelii and Derris trifoliata were evaluated for its efficacy in the control of red imported fire (RIFA), Solenopsis invicta under both laboratory and field conditions. The acetone extracts of D. trifoliata roots and T. vogelii leaves exhibited strong toxicity to macroergate and micrergate of RIFA. When active ingredients of the crude extracts were convert to rotenone, the activity of the acetone extracts were higher than that of rotenone technical material. At the same time, the extracts showed significant inhibitory effect on walking ability and grasping ability of worker ants and stronger than the effect of 98.6% rotenone technical material. Under field conditions, the 0.01% rotenone-bait, formulated with the acetone extract of D. trifoliata roots and T. vogelii leaves, had the same control effect on RIFA as that of 0.01% fipronil-bait when treated after 30 d. The bait formulated with the extract of D. trifoliata exhibited quicker and higher effect on RIFA than that of rotenone technical material. It was showed that the acetone extracts of D. trifoliata roots and T. vogelii leaves are able to control S. invicta under both laboratory and field conditions and can be used as an effective agent against RIFA

Functional Network-Based Statistics Reveal Abnormal Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy

Purpose: Whole-brain functional network analysis is an emerging methodology for exploring the mechanisms underlying hepatic encephalopathy (HE). This study aimed to identify the brain subnetwork that is significantly altered within the functional connectome in minimal HE (MHE), the earliest stage of HE.Materials and Methods: The study enrolled 19 cirrhotic patients with MHE and 19 controls who underwent the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive assessment based on the Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES). A whole-brain functional connectivity (FC) matrix was calculated for each subject. Then, network-based statistical analyses of the functional connectome were used to perform group comparisons, and correlation analyses were conducted to identify the relationships between FC alterations and cognitive performance.Results: MHE patients showed significant reduction of positive FC within a subnetwork that predominantly involved the regions of the default-mode network, such as the bilateral posterior cingulate gyrus, bilateral medial prefrontal cortex, bilateral hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus, bilateral angular gyrus, and left lateral temporal cortex. Meanwhile, MHE patients showed significant reduction of negative FC between default-mode network regions (such as the bilateral posterior cingulate gyrus, medial prefrontal cortex, and angular gyrus) and the regions involved in the somatosensory network (i.e., bilateral precentral and postcentral gyri) and the language network (i.e., the bilateral Rolandic operculum). The correlations of FC within the default-mode subnetwork and PHES results were noted.Conclusion: Default-mode network dysfunction may be one of the core issues in the pathophysiology of MHE. Our findings support the notion that HE is a neurological disease related to intrinsic brain network disruption