Actividad biológica de compuestos de azufre derivados del 2-aminobenzimidazol

Los benzimidazoles son un grupo de compuestos con una gran variedad de actividades biológicas de gran importancia en el campo de la medicina pueden actuar como antiinflamatorios, ansiolíticos, antioxidantes, hipoglucemiantes y antifúngicos. Para este trabajo se sintetizaron diferentes compuestos de azufre derivados del 2-aminobenzimidazol (esquema-1) y se evaluaron diferentes actividades biológicas, la antiinflamatoria se determinó utilizando el método del edema auricular inducido por aceite de croton, la ansiolítica con el método de potenciación del sueño, la antioxidante se determinó utilizando el radical ABTS, la hipoglucemiante se midió en ratones diabéticos inducida por estreptozotocina y la antifúngica usando el método de diluciones NCCLS M27-A2. Para la actividad antiinflamatoria la mejor actividad la presentó el compuesto 1 (55%), ansiolítica los compuestos 4 y 5 (60 min), antioxidante el compuesto 2 (135 mg eq de vitC/100g de muestra), hipoglucemiante el compuesto 5 con una disminución de (200-98 mg/dL) la antifúngica el compuesto 4 (CMI 0.56 mg/ml). Los resultados confirman el potencial de los compuestos que poseen actividades biológicas significativas

Efecto potenciador del sueño de los extractos totales de toronjil morado y toronjil azul

El toronjil morado (Agastache mexicana ssp. mexicana) y el toronjil azul (Dracoccephalum moldavica L.) conocidos así en la medicina tradicional mexicana, se utiliza en el tratamiento de la ansiedad, estrés y recientemente en el tratamiento de enfermedades relacionadas con el Sistema Nervioso Central. En el presente trabajo se prepararon extractos totales metanólicos de ambas especies, se extrajeron los metabolitos secundarios por sonicación y se realizaron pruebas cuantitativas de los metabolitos. La mayor concentración de metabolitos secundarios la presentó el toronjil morado. Se prepararon los extractos con Tween 80% y se administraron en una concentración de 20 mg/Kg a cada ratón de la cepa CD-1, se ocuparon como control pentobarbital, cafeína, magnesio y clonazepam, después de 30 min se administró por vía intraperitoneal pentobarbital como inductor de sueño dando como resultado, 86.22 ± 2.4888 y 97.66 ± 2.1213 [min] de tiempo de sueño del toronjil morado y toronjil azul respectivamente.The toronjil morado (Agastache mexicana ssp. mexicana) and the toronjil azul (Dracoccephalum moldavica L.) known in traditional Mexican medicine are used in the treatment of anxiety, stress and recently in the treatment of diseases related to the Nervous System Central. In the present work, total methanolic extracts of both species were prepared, the secondary metabolites were extracted by sonication and quantitative tests were performed on the metabolites. The highest concentration of secondary metabolites was presented by toronjil morado. The extracts were prepared with 80% Tween and administered at a concentration of 20 mg/Kg to each mouse of the CD-1 strain, Were dealt with pentobarbital, caffeine, magnesium and clonazepam as control, after 30 min was administered intraperitoneally pentobarbital as a sleep inducer resulting in 86.22 ± 2.4888 and 97.66 ± 2.1213 [min] sleep time of toronjil morado and toronjil azul respectively

Efecto del extracto hidroalcohólico de Dracocephalum moldavica L. como antidepresivo probado en ratones Cd-1

De acuerdo con la Organización Mundial de la Salud (2014), se reporta que 340 millones de personas sufren depresión en el mundo. La depresión es la alteración del estado de ánimo. De acuerdo con ello, los tratamientos para contrarrestar esta patología actualmente están basados en fármacos antidepresivos que presentan un gran número de efectos adversos. El presente trabajo describe el efecto del extracto de Dracocephalum moldavica L a una dosis de 80 mg/Kg, utilizando ratones machos de la cepa CD-1, como una alternativa en el tratamiento de la depresión. De la planta pulverizada, se realizó una extracción con 40 mL de hexano y metanol-agua (9:1) para el tamiz fitoquímico, encontrándose alcaloides, flavonoides, azúcares reductores, taninos, glicósidos cardíacos y cianogénicos, saponinas y esteroides. Para las pruebas de la actividad antidepresiva se obtuvo el extracto total con una solución hidroalcohólica (1:9). Los resultados de la Prueba de Nado Forzado del modelo experimental fueron: inmovilidad 52.4±19.26 [s/5min], nado 145.2±21.85 [s/5min] y escalamiento 102.4±17.84 [s/5 min], mientras que el grupo control presentó inmovilidad 178.8±31.35 [s/5min], nado 48±14.81 [s/5min] y escalamiento 73.2±25.70 [s/5min].WHO (2014) it reported that 340 million people worldwide suffer depression. Depression is a mood disorder. Accordingly, treatments to counteract this disease are currently based antidepressant drugs having a number of adverse effects. This paper describes the effect of extract Dracocephalum moldavica L. at a dose 80 mg/Kg, using male mice CD-1 strain, as an alternative in the treatment of depression. Of pulverized plant, the extraction was obtained with 40 mL of hexane and methanol-water (9:1), for phytochemical screening were found alkaloids, flavonoids, reducing sugars, tannins, cardiac glycosides and cyanogenic found saponins and steroids. For test of antidepressant activity was obtained the total extract with a hydroalcoholic solution (1:9). The results of the Forced Swimming test experimental model were: immobility 52.4±19.26 [s/5min], swimming 145.2±21.85 [s/5min] and climbing 102.4±17.84 [s/5min], while the control group showed immobility of 178.8±31.35 [s/5min], swimming 48±14.81 [s/5min] and climbing 73.2±25.70 [s/5min]

Evaluación de la actividad antioxidante in vitro de los extractos de cuatro plantas medicinales

El objetivo de este trabajo es proporcionar evidencia, sobre la actividad antioxidante y la caracterización fitoquímica de Polygonum aviculare, Cuphea aequipetala, Taxodium mucronatum y Gentiana spathacea que pudiese servir como alternativa o auxiliar en el tratamiento algunas enfermedades. A los extractos de metanol, acetona y éter de petróleo de cada planta se les realizo el tamiz fitoquímico. La actividad antioxidante fue evaluada con el radical DPPH. Resultados: el tamiz fitoquímico dio positivo a flovonoides, alcaloides, saponinas, glicosidos cardiacos, esteroides, quinonas, azucares reductores, taninos y cumarinas. La mayor actividad antioxidante la presenta la flor de Cuphea aequipetala con 0.678 TEAC (mM de equivalente de Trolox/gr de muestra), Taxodium mucronatum, hoja de Cuphea aequipetala y flor de Polygonum aviculare, presentaron; 0.602 TEAC, 0.602 TEAC y 0.562 TEAC, respectivamente, todas con el extracto por acetona; mientras que Gentiana spathacea Kunth y la hoja de Polygonum aviculare, presentaron una actividad antioxidante de 0.458 TEAC y 0.462 TEAC, ambas con el extracto metanólico.The aim of this work is to provide evidence, on the antioxidant activity and the characterization phytochemical of Polygonum aviculare, Cuphea aequipetala, Taxodium mucronatum and Gentiana spathacea, that could serve like alternative or auxiliary in the treatment some diseases. Method: to the extracts of methanol, acetone and ether of oil of flower and leaf of every plant, we did the phytochemical analysis. The radical DPPH was used for the evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the extracts. Phytochemical analysis of four plants gave positive to flovonoides, alkaloids, saponinas, glicosidos cardiac, steroids, quinonas, sweeten reducers, tannins and cumarinas. The major antioxidant activity presents the flower of Cuphea aequipetala Cav with 0.678 TEAC (mM of Trolox/gr's equivalent of sample), Taxodium mucronatum, leaf of Cuphea aequipetala and flower of Polygonum aviculare, they have; 0.602 TEAC, 0.602 TEAC and 0.562 TEAC, respectively, all with the extract for acetone; whereas Gentiana spathacea and the leaf of Polygonum aviculare, they showed an antioxidant activity of 0.458 TEAC and 0.462 TEAC, both with the extract metanolico

Transetosomas como sistema de encapsulación de Agastache mexicana

El uso de plantas como Agastache mexicana en el tratamiento fitoterapéutico ante diferentes afecciones como trastornos relacionados al sistema nervioso central, enfermedades gastrointestinales y cardiovasculares, ha dado origen a la búsqueda de sistemas de encapsulación que aseguren el atrapamiento, la liberación, la manejabilidad y preservación de sus compuestos activos. En este trabajo se propone a los transetosomas como matriz de encapsulación debido a su biocompatibilidad, capacidad de atrapamiento entre otras propiedades fisicoquímicas atribuidas a su tamaño submicrométrico. Se logró encapsular un extracto etanólico de Agastache mexicana en transetosomas con un tamaño de 722nm, y morfología esférica, se caracterizó mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido y microscopía DIC, mediante microscopía de fluorescencia y espectrometría FT-IR se comprobó el atrapamiento del extracto. Se comprobó que los transetosomas son capaces de encapsular un extracto etanólico de A. mexicana, con lo que se pretende que estos sistemas puedan ser utilizados en extractos de plantas semejantes.The use of Agastache mexicana as a phytotherapeutic treatment for different affections such as disorders of the central nervous system, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases has led to the search for encapsulation systems that ensure the entrapment, release, manipulation and preservation of the active compounds. In this work, there are proposed the transethosomes as encapsulation matrix, due to its biocompatibility, entrapment capacity among other physicochemical properties attributed to its submicrometric size. It was possible to encapsulate an ethanolic extract of Agastache mexicana, in transethosomes with a size of 722nm and spherical morphology, was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, DIC microscopy and by fluorescence microscopy and FT-IR spectrometry. It was verified that the transethosomes can encapsulate an ethanolic extract of A. mexicana, with what it is intended that these systems be used in similar plant extracts

Cereal and legume protein edible films: a sustainable alternative to conventional food packaging

ABSTRACTThe food industry faces significant challenges in generating biodegradable materials for packaging food. Studies on the production of edible films and coatings based on macromolecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids (and their combination) from cereal grains or legumes have provided helpful information about component concentrations, interactions, and the optimal conditions to elaborate films or coatings. However, the final application of edible films and coatings can depend on the compatibility between polymer matrix materials and their mechanical and barrier properties. This paper reviews the utilization of proteins from cereal and legumes in the development of edible films and the processing conditions that potentially modify the functional properties of the films, including the combination with additives to improve their properties enhancing food handling, transportation, storage, and preservation, without affecting the environment. In addition, the present research addresses the main methods to elaborate edible films and the use of novel technologies in film formulation

Relationship of Weather Types on the Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Rainfall, Runoff, and Sediment Yield in the Western Mediterranean Basin

Rainfall is the key factor to understand soil erosion processes, mechanisms, and rates. Most research was conducted to determine rainfall characteristics and their relationship with soil erosion (erosivity) but there is little information about how atmospheric patterns control soil losses, and this is important to enable sustainable environmental planning and risk prevention. We investigated the temporal and spatial variability of the relationships of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield with atmospheric patterns (weather types, WTs) in the western Mediterranean basin. For this purpose, we analyzed a large database of rainfall events collected between 1985 and 2015 in 46 experimental plots and catchments with the aim to: (i) evaluate seasonal differences in the contribution of rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield produced by the WTs; and (ii) to analyze the seasonal efficiency of the different WTs (relation frequency and magnitude) related to rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield. The results indicate two different temporal patterns: the first weather type exhibits (during the cold period: autumn and winter) westerly flows that produce the highest rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield values throughout the territory; the second weather type exhibits easterly flows that predominate during the warm period (spring and summer) and it is located on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula. However, the cyclonic situations present high frequency throughout the whole year with a large influence extended around the western Mediterranean basin. Contrary, the anticyclonic situations, despite of its high frequency, do not contribute significantly to the total rainfall, runoff, and sediment (showing the lowest efficiency) because of atmospheric stability that currently characterize this atmospheric pattern. Our approach helps to better understand the relationship of WTs on the seasonal and spatial variability of rainfall, runoff and sediment yield with a regional scale based on the large dataset and number of soil erosion experimental stations.Spanish Government (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, MINECO) and FEDER Projects: CGL2014 52135-C3-3-R, ESP2017-89463-C3-3-R, CGL2014-59946-R, CGL2015-65569-R, CGL2015-64284-C2-2-R, CGL2015-64284-C2-1-R, CGL2016-78075-P, GL2008-02879/BTE, LEDDRA 243857, RECARE-FP7, CGL2017-83866-C3-1-R, and PCIN-2017-061/AEI. Dhais Peña-Angulo received a “Juan de la Cierva” postdoctoral contract (FJCI-2017-33652 Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, MEC). Ana Lucia acknowledge the "Brigitte-Schlieben-Lange-Programm". The “Geoenvironmental Processes and Global Change” (E02_17R) was financed by the Aragón Government and the European Social Fund. José Andrés López-Tarazón acknowledges the Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Department of the Economy and Knowledge of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia for supporting the Consolidated Research Group 2014 SGR 645 (RIUS- Fluvial Dynamics Research Group). Artemi Cerdà thank the funding of the OCDE TAD/CRP JA00088807. José Martínez-Fernandez acknowledges the project Unidad de Excelencia CLU-2018-04 co-funded by FEDER and Castilla y León Government. Ane Zabaleta is supported by the Hydro-Environmental Processes consolidated research group (IT1029-16, Basque Government). This paper has the benefit of the Lab and Field Data Pool created within the framework of the COST action CONNECTEUR (ES1306)

Spatial variability of the relationships of runoff and sediment yield with weather types throughout the Mediterranean basin

Este artículo contiene 16 páginas, 6 figuras, 2 tablas.Soil degradation by water is a serious environmental problem worldwide, with specific climatic factors being the major causes. We investigated the relationships between synoptic atmospheric patterns (i.e. weather types, WTs) and runoff, erosion and sediment yield throughout the Mediterranean basin by analyzing a large database of natural rainfall events at 68 research sites in 9 countries. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to identify spatial relationships of the different WTs including three hydro-sedimentary variables: rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield (SY, used to refer to both soil erosion measured at plot scale and sediment yield registered at catchment scale). The results indicated 4 spatial classes of rainfall and runoff: (a) northern sites dependent on North (N) and North West (NW) flows; (b) eastern sites dependent on E and NE flows; (c) southern sites dependent on S and SE flows; and, finally, (d) western sites dependent on W and SW flows. Conversely, three spatial classes are identified for SY characterized by: (a) N and NE flows in northern sites (b) E flows in eastern sites, and (c) Wand SW flows in western sites. Most of the rainfall, runoff and SY occurred during a small number of daily events, and just a few WTs accounted for large percentages of the total. Our results confirm that characterization by WT improves understanding of the general conditions under which runoff and SY occur, and provides useful information for understanding the spatial variability of runoff, and SY throughout the Mediterranean basin. The approach used here could be useful to aid of the design of regional water management and soil conservation measures.This research was supported by projects funded by the MINECOFEDER: CGL2014-52135-C3-3-R, CGL2014-59946-R, CGL2015-65569- R, CGL2015-64284-C2-2-R, and PCIN-2017-061/AEI. When this manuscript was first submitted Estela Nadal-Romero and Damià Vericat received a “Ramón y Cajal” postdoctoral contract (RYC-2013-14371 and RYC‐2010‐06264, Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, MEC). Damià Vericat is now a Serra Húnter Fellow at the University of Lleida. María Fernández-Raga received a “José Castillejo” postdoctoral grant (Spanish Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports). Carla Ferreira was supported by a post-doctoral research grant from the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation (SFRH/ BPD/120093/2016). Mariano Moreno-de las Heras received a Juan de la Cierva postdoctoral contract (IJCI-2015-26463) from the MEC. José Andrés López-Tarazón received a Vicenç Mut postdoctoral fellowship from the Autonomous Balearic Government (CAIB PD/038/2016). José Andrés López-Tarazón and Ramon Batalla also acknowledge the Secretariat for Universities and Research of the Department of the Economy and Knowledge of the Autonomous Government of Catalonia for supporting the Consolidated Research Group 2014 SGR 645 (RIUSFluvial Dynamics Research Group), and the CERCA Programme. This paper has benefited from the Lab and Field Data Pool created within the framework of the COST action CONNECTEUR (ES1306).Peer reviewe

Analysis of the spatial variability of the relationships between rainfall, runoff, erosion and sediment yield and synoptic atmospheric patterns around the Mediterranean basin

Trabajo presentado en TERRAenVISION Environmental Issues Today: Scientific Solutions for Societal Issues, celebrado en Barcelona (España) del 27 de enero al 2 de febrero de 2018This contribution results from international collaborative efforts of different research groups around the Mediterranean basin focusing on soil conservation and water management. We will present the most complete database of runoff and soil erosion information and analyze the records from 68 locations, including more than 22458 detail events between 1985-2015. Soil conservation and water planning are two of the most challenging problems around the Mediterranean basin due to climate conditions and human activity. We believe that future advances on understanding soil degradation by water should be developed under global approaches. In this contribution, we will present an analysis of atmospheric conditions, expressed by weather types and the resulted rainfall, runoff, and erosion and sediment yield around the Mediterranean basin. The weather types compile daily information about the different air masses responsible for rainfall, runoff and eventually erosion and sediment yield, and their analyses let us know the synchrony of the response at different sites around the Mediterranean basin. The analyses of the global dataset display different spatial patterns for rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield, related to different atmospheric patterns. This research will be a valuable tool for understanding the evolution of these environmental variables, and therefore it will allow future planning to design regional water management and soil conservation measuresPeer reviewe