Pembinaan Narapidana Di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Klas IIA Bukittinggi Dalam Perspektif Perencanaan

Planning for prisoners guidance should be able to overcome the problems occurred. At the Correctional Institution Class IIA penitentiary in Bukittinggi planning do not yet overcome the existing problems. This study aims to know how planning in penitentiary Klas IIA Bukittinggi. Qualitative approach is used to explore what and how planning is conducted. The findings show top down planning and a formality planning have been conducted at prisons Class IIA Bukittinggi

Slow breathing and hypoxic challenge: cardiorespiratory consequences and their central neural substrates

Controlled slow breathing (at 6/min, a rate frequently adopted during yoga practice) can benefit cardiovascular function, including responses to hypoxia. We tested the neural substrates of cardiorespiratory control in humans during volitional controlled breathing and hypoxic challenge using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Twenty healthy volunteers were scanned during paced (slow and normal rate) breathing and during spontaneous breathing of normoxic and hypoxic (13% inspired O2) air. Cardiovascular and respiratory measures were acquired concurrently, including beat-to-beat blood pressure from a subset of participants (N = 7). Slow breathing was associated with increased tidal ventilatory volume. Induced hypoxia raised heart rate and suppressed heart rate variability. Within the brain, slow breathing activated dorsal pons, periaqueductal grey matter, cerebellum, hypothalamus, thalamus and lateral and anterior insular cortices. Blocks of hypoxia activated mid pons, bilateral amygdalae, anterior insular and occipitotemporal cortices. Interaction between slow breathing and hypoxia was expressed in ventral striatal and frontal polar activity. Across conditions, within brainstem, dorsal medullary and pontine activity correlated with tidal volume and inversely with heart rate. Activity in rostroventral medulla correlated with beat-to-beat blood pressure and heart rate variability. Widespread insula and striatal activity tracked decreases in heart rate, while subregions of insular cortex correlated with momentary increases in tidal volume. Our findings define slow breathing effects on central and cardiovascular responses to hypoxic challenge. They highlight the recruitment of discrete brainstem nuclei to cardiorespiratory control, and the engagement of corticostriatal circuitry in support of physiological responses that accompany breathing regulation during hypoxic challenge

Social anxiety disorder in genuine halitosis patients

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>There is a possibility that genuine halitosis patients' anxiety do not recover after oral malodor treatment due to their social anxiety disorder. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of social anxiety disorder on the level of anxiety in genuine halitosis patients before and after treatment for oral malodor.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The subjects were 262 genuine halitosis patients who visited the Fresh Breath Clinic from March, 2008 to October, 2009. The subjects who had score 2 or higher by the organoleptic test were diagnosed as genuine halitosis patients. Gas chromatography (GC) was conducted before and after oral malodor treatment for the oral malodor measurement. Based on their risk of social anxiety disorder, subjects were divided into low- and high-risk groups using the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS). The questions related to oral malodor and the clinical oral examination were both conducted before oral malodor treatment. The level of anxiety before and after oral malodor treatment was evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale of Anxiety (VAAS).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>More than 20% of subjects had a score of 60 or more on the LSAS (high LSAS group). The mean age and the percentage of females were significantly higher in the high LSAS group compared to the low LSAS group. The high LSAS group was more likely to have problems associated with oral malodor and to adopt measures against oral malodor compared to the low LSAS group. The mean concentrations of H₂S and CH₃SH by GC significantly decreased after the oral malodor treatment in both LSAS groups. VAAS scores also significantly decreased after treatment in both LSAS groups. The logistic regression analysis indicated that the high LSAS group had a 2.28 times higher risk of having a post-VAAS score of 50 or more compared to the low LSAS group.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study revealed that genuine halitosis patients with a strong trait of social anxiety disorder have difficulty overcoming their anxiety about oral malodor. Oral malodor treatment of genuine halitosis patients requires not only regular oral malodor treatment but also attention to social anxiety disorder.</p

Early Duplication of a Single MHC IIB Locus Prior to the Passerine Radiations.

A key characteristic of MHC genes is the persistence of allelic lineages over macroevolutionary periods, often through multiple speciation events. This phenomenon, known as trans-species polymorphism (TSP), is well documented in several major taxonomic groups, but has less frequently been observed in birds. The order Passeriformes is arguably the most successful terrestrial vertebrate order in terms of diversity of species and ecological range, but the reasons for this success remain unclear. Passerines exhibit the most highly duplicated MHC genes of any major vertebrate taxonomic group, which may generate increased immune response relative to other avian orders with fewer MHC loci. Here, we describe phylogenetic patterns of the MHC IIB in the passerine family Corvidae. Our results indicate wide-spread TSP within this family, with at least four supported MHC IIB allelic lineages that predate speciation by many millions of years. Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations indicate that divergence of these lineages occurred near the time of the divergence of the Passeriformes and other avian orders. We suggest that the current MHC diversity observed in passerines is due in part to the multiple duplication of a single MHC locus, DAB1, early in passerine evolution and that subsequent duplications of these paralogues have contributed to the enormous success of this order by increasing their ability to recognize and mount immune responses to novel pathogens

Disulfide bridge formation between SecY and a translocating polypeptide localizes the translocation pore to the center of SecY

During their biosynthesis, many proteins pass through the membrane via a hydrophilic channel formed by the heterotrimeric Sec61/SecY complex. Whether this channel forms at the interface of multiple copies of Sec61/SecY or is intrinsic to a monomeric complex, as suggested by the recently solved X-ray structure of the Methanococcus jannaschii SecY complex, is a matter of contention. By introducing a single cysteine at various positions in Escherichia coli SecY and testing its ability to form a disulfide bond with a single cysteine in a translocating chain, we provide evidence that translocating polypeptides pass through the center of the SecY complex. The strongest cross-links were observed with residues that would form a constriction in an hourglass-shaped pore. This suggests that the channel makes only limited contact with a translocating polypeptide, thus minimizing the energy required for translocation

Food ingestion and assimilation by Hyaie media (Dana, 1853) (Crustacea - Amphipoda)

The feeding of Hyale media was analysed under laboratory conditions in winter and summer temperatures. The results showed that assimilation rates increased following food ingestion rates and decreased when egestion rates increased. In winter temperatures no significant differences were found in the assimilation rates among developmental stages and sexes. In summer temperatures assimilation rates for ovigerous and non-ovigerous females were higher than those found for adult and young males. Although not statistically analysed, mean assimilation efficiencies were highest among ovigerous females and adult males, in summer. The quantitative and qualitative variations found in the assimilation efficiency and rates were explained by the differential effect of temperature on the specific growth rate and in the physiological conditions of each growth stage concerned.No presente estudo foram analisados em laboratório, sob temperaturas de inverno e verão, aspectos quantitativos da alimentação de Hyale media (Crustacea-Amphipoda), utilizando-se o método gravimetría), aliado ao conteúdo de carbono dos itens alimentares oferecidos. Nos experimentos com temperatura de inverno não foi encontrado diferença significativa nas taxas de assimilação entre os diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento e sexo. Naqueles com temperatura de verão as taxas de assimilação para fêmeas ovígera e não ovígera foram maiores que aquelas encontradas para machos adulto e jovem. As variações encontradas nas taxa e eficiência de assimilação foram explicadas pelo efeito diferencial da temperatura sobre a taxa de crescimento específico e condições fisiológicas de cada estádio de desenvolvimento

Burden of present-on-admission infections and health care-associated infections, by race and ethnicity

Background: In the United States incidence of sepsis and pneumonia differ by race, but it is unclear whether this is due to intrinsic factors or health care factors. Methods: We conducted a study of 52,006 patients hospitalized during 2006-2008 at a referral hospital in upper Manhattan. We examined how the prevalence of present-on-admission and health care-associated infection compared between non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites adjusting for sociodemographic factors, admission through the emergency department, and comorbid conditions. Results: Non-Hispanic blacks had 1.59-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29-1.96) and 1.55-fold (95% CI, 1.35-1.77) risk of community-acquired bloodstream infection and urinary tract infection compared with non-Hispanic whites. Hispanic patients had 1.31-fold (95% CI, 1.15-1.49) risk of presenting with community-acquired urinary tract infection compared with non-Hispanic whites. Controlling for admission through the emergency department, comorbidity, and neighborhood income attenuated the differences in prevalence of infections. Conclusions: We found that health disparities in present-on-admission infections might be largely explained by potential lack of ambulatory care, socioeconomic factors, and comorbidity