Make in India – Challenges and Opportunities

Make in India is new national initiative program by government aimed at transforming India into a global manufacturing hub. It includes a slew of proposals aimed at inviting both domestic and foreign companies to invest in India and help it become a manufacturing powerhouse. “ZERO DEFECT AND ZERO EFFECT”slogan was defined by our prime minister Narendera Modi, as part of Make in India programme which handle innovative processes materials, enhance skill development,technologies and the manufacturing mechanism is guided to make the goods that are defect free and have no negative environmental or ecological effects. Main mission of this project is to make the production India and sell the products all over the world. The primary focus of "Make in India" project is to enhance the annual growth rate of 25 sectors from 12-14 % to improve GDP rate and to create 100 million job opportunities within 2022. The purpose of this study is to explain the concept of Make in India campaign, its importance, schemes,and its impact on Indian economy. This paper also proposes to identify the challenges and opportunities as well as recommended possible solutions to deal with the same

New Mechanics of Traumatic Brain Injury

The prediction and prevention of traumatic brain injury is a very important aspect of preventive medical science. This paper proposes a new coupled loading-rate hypothesis for the traumatic brain injury (TBI), which states that the main cause of the TBI is an external Euclidean jolt, or SE(3)-jolt, an impulsive loading that strikes the head in several coupled degrees-of-freedom simultaneously. To show this, based on the previously defined covariant force law, we formulate the coupled Newton-Euler dynamics of brain's micro-motions within the cerebrospinal fluid and derive from it the coupled SE(3)-jolt dynamics. The SE(3)-jolt is a cause of the TBI in two forms of brain's rapid discontinuous deformations: translational dislocations and rotational disclinations. Brain's dislocations and disclinations, caused by the SE(3)-jolt, are described using the Cosserat multipolar viscoelastic continuum brain model. Keywords: Traumatic brain injuries, coupled loading-rate hypothesis, Euclidean jolt, coupled Newton-Euler dynamics, brain's dislocations and disclinationsComment: 18 pages, 1 figure, Late

A comparative study of cranial, blunt trauma fractures as seen at medicolegal autopsy and by Computed Tomography

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Computed Tomography (CT) has become a widely used supplement to medico legal autopsies at several forensic institutes. Amongst other things, it has proven to be very valuable in visualising fractures of the cranium. Also CT scan data are being used to create head models for biomechanical trauma analysis by Finite Element Analysis. If CT scan data are to be used for creating individual head models for retrograde trauma analysis in the future we need to ascertain how well cranial fractures are captured by CT scan. The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic agreement between CT and autopsy regarding cranial fractures and especially the precision with which cranial fractures are recorded.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The autopsy fracture diagnosis was compared to the diagnosis of two CT readings (reconstructed with Multiplanar and Maximum Intensity Projection reconstructions) by registering the fractures on schematic drawings. The extent of the fractures was quantified by merging 3-dimensional datasets from both the autopsy as input by 3D digitizer tracing and CT scan.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The results showed a good diagnostic agreement regarding fractures localised in the posterior fossa, while the fracture diagnosis in the medial and anterior fossa was difficult at the first CT scan reading. The fracture diagnosis improved during the second CT scan reading. Thus using two different CT reconstructions improved diagnosis in the medial fossa and at the impact points in the cranial vault. However, fracture diagnosis in the anterior and medial fossa and of hairline fractures in general still remained difficult.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The study showed that the forensically important fracture systems to a large extent were diagnosed on CT images using Multiplanar and Maximum Intensity Projection reconstructions. Difficulties remained in the minute diagnosis of hairline fractures. These inconsistencies need to be resolved in order to use CT scan data of victims for individual head modelling and trauma analysis.</p

A survey on static and quasi-static finite element models of the human cervical spine

Finite element analyses are an important source of information on the biomechanical behaviour of the cervical spine; as well as an important tool in the design and evaluation of spinal instrumentation. This article presents a comprehensive survey of the finite element models of the cervical spine that have been used to study its pathological/nonpathological biomechanics under static/quasi-static loading conditions. Publications that met the inclusion criteria were analysed to extract parameters relative to model identification (e.g., spine segment, population, utility, limitations), model structure (e.g., loading/boundary conditions, anatomical structures, constitutive representation), simulation structure (e.g., software), verification (e.g., convergence) and validation (e.g., validated procedure/output, assumptions). Besides summarizing different modelling approaches with their associated parameters, this article outlines generalities and issues related to the obtainment of such models. The survey shows that authors often fail to report parameters that are critical for the reproducibility of results and that, even with fully reported parameters, these models are inherently difficult to replicate because they generally are patient-specific with their geometry based on data from in-house specimens/subjects. Overall, while the survey contributes to an understanding of the implications of following different modelling approaches and allows to take advantage of previously developed models, further research is required to improve the accuracy and utility of these models. © 2017, Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature