EMPLOYER SIZE, HUMAN CAPITAL, AND RURAL WAGES: IMPLICATIONS FOR SOUTHERN RURAL DEVELOPMENT

A recent trend in rural development policy emphasizes small business development in place of industrial recruitment. To analyze some of the likely effects of expanding the proportion of small firms in local economies, an empirical wage rate model incorporating employer size was developed, and parameters were estimated using household date from rural Putnam County, Georgia. The estimates indicated that large employers offered higher wages than small employers and that the wage premium they offered was greater for blacks than for whites. These results support Thomas Till's argument that southern rural counties with relatively large black populations should not abandon efforts to attract large employers. Other factors associated with higher wages included level of education, previous labor force experience, and employment in certain occupations and industries.Community/Rural/Urban Development, Labor and Human Capital,

Bulletin No. 97 - Report on the Southern Utah Experiment Station

When, in the early part of the year 1905 , the management of the Southern Utah Experiment Farm was turned over to the officials of the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, in compliance with an act of the legislature of that year a number of experiments were under way, principally variety tests with orchard and small fruit. The State Board of Horticulture had been in charge of this farm since its establishment in 1899, and had succeeded in making out of it not only a place that will indicate the varieties of fruits adapted to that climate and soil , but also a farm that in neatness and careful arrangement can be an instructive model to anyone contemplating engaging in that industry. The new management decided not to make any radical change in the tests that were under way , but to continue them to such a conclusion a will yield the valuable results that were to come out of them. New tests or investigations are to be started with the same crop without interfering with them as variety tests, and upon the ground still available or which has not yet been set out into orchard, vineyard, or other permanent crops. Such it is planned to do as the problems suggest themselves, and as means are available

Underground Corrosion of Activated Metals, 6-Year Exposure Analysis

The subsurface radioactive disposal site located at the Idaho National Laboratory contains neutronactivated metals from non-fuel nuclear-reactor-core components. A long-term underground corrosion test is being conducted to obtain site-specific corrosion rates to support efforts to more accurately estimate the transfer of activated elements in the surrounding arid vadose zone environment. The test uses nonradioactive metal coupons representing the prominent neutron-activated materials buried at the disposal location, namely, Type 304L stainless steel (UNS S30403), Type 316L stainless steel (S31603), nickel-chromium alloy (UNS NO7718), beryllium, aluminum 6061-T6 (A96061), and a zirconium alloy (UNS R60804). In addition, carbon steel (the material presently used in the cask disposal liners and other disposal containers) and a duplex stainless steel (UNS S32550) are also included in the test. This paper briefly describes the ongoing test and presents the results of corrosion analysis from coupons exposed underground for 1, 3, and 6 years

The Underground Corrosion of Selected Type 300 Stainless Steels After 34 Years

Recently, interest in long-term underground corrosion has greatly increased because of the ongoing need to dispose of nuclear waste. Additionally, the Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 requires disposal of high-level nuclear waste in an underground repository. Current contaminant release and transport models use limited available short-term underground corrosion rates when considering container and waste form degradation. Consequently, the resulting models oversimplify the complex mechanisms of underground metal corrosion. The complexity of stainless steel corrosion mechanisms and the processes by which corrosion products migrate from their source are not well depicted by a corrosion rate based on general attack. The research presented here is the analysis of austenitic stainless steels after 33½ years of burial. In this research, the corrosion specimens were analyzed using applicable ASTM standards as well as microscopic and X-ray examination to determine the mechanisms of underground stainless steel corrosion. As presented, the differences in the corrosion mechanisms vary with the type of stainless steel and the treatment of the samples. The uniqueness of the long sampling time allows for further understanding of the actual stainless steel corrosion mechanisms, and when applied back into predictive models, will assist in reduction of the uncertainty in parameters for predicting long-term fate and transport

Comparison of Cleaning Methods for Analysis of Underground Beryllium Corrosion

The subsurface radioactive disposal site located at the Idaho National Laboratory contains neutronactivated beryllium metals from non-fuel nuclear-reactor-core components. A long-term underground corrosion test is being conducted to obtain site-specific corrosion rates of the disposed beryllium to support efforts to more accurately estimate the transfer of activated elements in the surrounding arid vadose zone environment. During the corrosion analysis, two cleaning methods were used. This paper describes the cleaning methods and presents a comparison of the results

Long-Term Underground Corrosion of Stainless Steels

In 1970, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) implemented the most ambitious and comprehensive long-term corrosion behavior test to date for stainless steels in soil environments. Over thirty years later, one of the six test sites was targeted to research subsurface contamination and transport processes in the vadose and saturated zones. This research directly applies to environmental management operational corrosion issues and long term stewardship scientific needs for understanding the behavior of waste forms and their near-field contaminant transport of chemical and radiological contaminants at nuclear disposal sites. This paper briefly describes the ongoing research and the corrosion analysis results of the stainless steel plate specimens recovered from the partial recovery of the first test site

Examination of the 1970 National Bureau of Standards Underground Corrosion Test Welded Stainless STeel Coupons from Site D

A 1970 study initiated by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), now known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), buried over 6000 corrosion coupons or specimens of stainless steel Types 201, 202, 301, 304, 316, 409, 410, 430, and 434. The coupons were configured as sheet metal plates, coated plates, cross-welded plates, U-bend samples, sandwiched materials, and welded tubes. All coupons were of various heat-treatments and cold worked conditions and were buried at six distinctive soil-type sites throughout the United States. The NBS scientists dug five sets of two trenches at each of the six sites. In each pair of trenches, they buried duplicate sets of stainless steel coupons. The NBS study was designed to retrieve coupons after one year, two years, four years, eight years, and x years in the soil. During the first eight years of the study, four of five planned removals were completed. After the fourth retrieval, the NBS study was abandoned, and the fifth and final set of specimens remained undisturbed for over 33 years. In 2003, an interdisciplinary research team of industrial, university, and national laboratory investigators were funded under the United States Department of Energy’s Environmental Management Science Program (EMSP; Project Number 86803) to extract part of the remaining set of coupons at one of the test sites, characterize the stainless steel underground corrosion rates, and examine the fate and transport of metal ions into the soil. Extraction of one trench at one of the test sites occurred in April 2004. This report details only the characterization of corrosion found on the 14 welded coupons–two cross welded plates, six U-bends, and six welded tubes–that were retrieved from Site D, located near Wildwood, NJ. The welded coupons included Type 301, 304, 316, and 409 stainless steels. After 33 years in the soil, corrosion on the coupons varied according to alloy. This report discusses the stress corrosion cracking and crevice corrosion cracking of the U-bend coupons; the minimal corrosion found on the cross-bead plates; and the general, pitting, and crevice corrosion found on the welded tubes. In general, the austenitic Type 301, 304 and 316 samples showed little if any corrosion after 33+-years in the soil, whereas the ferritic alloys-Type 409 and 434– showed a spectrum of corrosion

Variability in coastal zone color scanner (CZCS) Chlorophyll imagery of ocean margin waters off the US East Coast.

Abstract The purpose of our study was to use the 7.5-year coastal zone color scanner (CZCS) image time series (Oct. 1978 to July, 1986 to study general patterns in near-surface phytoplankton chlorophyll concentrations in ocean margin waters off the US East Coast. We defined 21 relatively large study areas (>100 km 2 ) within the MAB and SAB to set boundaries for averaging and subsequent analyses. Our objective was to partition the observed CZCS-derived chlorophyll concentration (CSAT, mg m À3 ) variability of these 21 study areas within three general categories based on time scale: daily (i.e. day-week), seasonal and interannual. An additional objective was to determine relations between the temporal patterns in the 21 study areas. All available CZCS imagery (more than 3500 scenes of Level 1 imagery, i.e. top-ofthe-atmosphere radiance in satellite swath coordinates) covering some or all of our area of interest (northwest Atlantic off the US East Coast) were obtained at full resolution, processed to Level 2 (waterleaving radiance, chlorophyll concentration and other derived products in satellite swath coordinates) and mapped to two different study regions located off the southeast and northeast coasts of the US. Satellitederived estimates of near-surface chlorophyll concentrations (CSAT) were extracted on a pixel-by-pixel basis from each of the 21 study areas (chosen based on oceanographic criteria) from each of the daily composite CSAT images. For each image and when satellite coverage permitted, CSAT values were averaged to yield a time series of daily mean values for each of the 21 study areas. We used three basic approaches to quantify temporal and spatial patterns in the 21 time series: (1) multiple linear correlation, (2) structure functions (semi-variance calculations) and (3) empirical orthogonal functions (EOF). Our results show: (1) a simple annual CSAT cycle common to all ocean margin waters along the entire US East Coast, consisting of a broad peak in CSAT concentration during winter and minimum concentrations during the summer