Congruence between perceived and theoretical knowledge before and after an internet-based continuing education program about VLU nursing care

Background: Previous research has revealed nurses' knowledge gaps in venous leg ulcer (VLU) nursing care, and continuing education is needed. The closer nurses' perceived knowledge is to their evidence-based theoretical knowledge, the better possibilities they have to conduct evidence-based VLU nursing care.Objectives: To assess the congruence between nurses' perceived and theoretical knowledge about VLU nursing care before and after an internet-based education about VLU nursing care (eVLU).Design: Quasi-experimental study with intervention and comparison groups and pre- and post-measurements.Setting: Home health care in two Finnish municipalities.Participants: Nurses (n = 946) working in home health care were invited to participate. In the intervention group, 239 nurses and 229 nurses in the comparison group met the inclusion criteria, and they were all recruited to the study.Method: Nurses were divided into intervention and comparison groups with lottery between the municipalities. Nurses in both groups took care of patients with VLU according to their organizations' instructions. In addition to this, nurses in the intervention group received a 6-week eVLU while those in the comparison group did not. Data were collected with a questionnaire about perceived and theoretical knowledge before education, at six weeks, and at 10 weeks. The percentages of congruence were calculated at every measurement point, and the McNemar test was used to detect statistical significance of changes between measurements.Results: The increase of congruence was more often statistically significant in the intervention group than in the comparison group.Conclusion: The results support the hypothesis that the congruence between perceived and theoretical knowledge will be higher among nurses receiving eVLU. Because of the low participation and drop-outs, the results should be interpreted with caution.</p

The fitness of dispersing spotted hyaena sons is influenced by maternal social status

Life history theory predicts that mothers should provide their offspring with a privileged upbringing if this enhances their offspring's and their own fitness. In many mammals, high-ranking mothers provide their offspring with a privileged upbringing. Whether dispersing sons gain fitness benefits during adulthood from such privileges (a 'silver spoon' effect) has rarely been examined. In this paper, we show that in the complex, female-dominated society of spotted hyaenas, high-born sons grew at higher rates, were more likely to disperse to clans offering the best fitness prospects, started reproducing earlier and had a higher reproductive value than did lower-born sons. This illustrates the evolutionary importance of maternal effects even in societies in which male size or fighting ability does not influence fitness. By demonstrating for the first time in a non-human mammal that maternal status influences immigration patterns, the study also advances our understanding of two key ecological and evolutionary processes, dispersal and habitat selection

Androgen and glucocorticoid levels reflect seasonally occurring social challenges in male redfronted lemurs (Eulemur fulvus rufus)

Intense reproductive competition and social instability are assumed to increase concentrations of glucocorticoids and androgens in vertebrates, as a means of coping with these challenges. In seasonally breeding redfronted lemurs (Eulemur fulvus rufus), the mating and the birth season and the associated increased male competition are predicted to pose such reproductive challenges. In this paper, we investigate seasonal variation in hormone excretion in male redfronted lemurs, and examine whether this variation is associated with social or ecological factors. Although dominance status has been shown to affect individual stress levels across many taxa, we predicted no rank-related differences in glucocorticoids for redfronted lemurs because relatively equal costs are associated with both high and low rank positions (based on patterns of rank acquisition/maintenance and threats toward subordinates). Over a 14-month period, we collected behavioral data (1843 focal hours) and 617 fecal samples from 13 redfronted lemur males in Kirindy Forest/Madagascar. We found no general rank-related pattern of testosterone or glucocorticoid excretion in this species. Both hormones were excreted at significantly higher levels during the mating and the birth season, despite social stability during both periods. The elevated mating season levels may be explained by increased within-group reproductive competition during this time and are in line with previous studies of other seasonally reproducing primates. For the birth season increase, we propose that the predictable risk of infanticide in this highly seasonal species affects male gonadal and adrenal endocrine activity. We evaluate alternative social and ecological factors influencing the production of both hormone classes and conclude based on our preliminary investigations that none of them can account for the observed pattern

Spacing behavior and key resources: An experiment on seasonal preference of male bank voles, Clethrionomys glareolus, for food and females

We studied experimentally male distribution in relation to key resources, food and females, during winter and at the onset of breeding in eight enclosure populations of the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus. In the experiment we manipulated the social environment of individuals under thick snow cover. After we had determined the male movements in a mixed population of both sexes all females of each enclosure were captured and kept in a cage at one end of the enclosure while food was offered in the opposite end. Male movements between these two patches were monitored by life-trapping under the snow. We found a seasonal pattern in the distribution of males in relation to key resources. 1) During the non-breeding season the manipulation of female and food distribution did not affect the male movements significantly, but 2) as expected, at the onset of breeding females were the preferred resource for the males. The results are discussed in the light of survival and mating strategies of males.peerReviewe

How much do avian predators influence cyclic bank vole populations? An experiment during a peak year

The influence of avian predators on bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) populations in four 0.5-ha enclosures was studied in central Finland in 1988. Two of the enclosures were covered with nets to keep out birds of prey, and two were left open to avian predation. A fence of metal sheet and continuous trapping kept out small mustelids during the breeding season. The only avian predators observed in the area throughout the year were the Ural owl (Strix uralensis) and the tawny owl (Strix aluco) and during summer the common buzzard (Buteo buteo). During autumn and winter pygmy owls (Glaucidium passerinum) was present in the study area. No Tengmalm's owls (Aegolius funereus) were observed around the area. During late winter and spring, the highest density of voles was observed in one of the open enclosures. No evidence of the influence of avian predators could be observed. During the summer the net covers had no effect on the survival of the voles; the highest density, with 100% survival of the young, was observed in an open enclosure. We suggest that avian predators have only a slight influence on breeding bank vole populations during a peak year in a patchy environment with boreal spruce forest. An explanation could be that bank voles are only an alternative prey for avian predators when field voles (Microtus agrestis) have high densities in more open habitats at the same time. The heterogeneity of the habitat and the dominance of the Ural owl in the owl community could also play a role.peerReviewe