48,457 research outputs found
Alternative statistical-mechanical descriptions of decaying two-dimensional turbulence in terms of "patches" and "points"
Numerical and analytical studies of decaying, two-dimensional (2D)
Navier-Stokes (NS) turbulence at high Reynolds numbers are reported. The effort
is to determine computable distinctions between two different formulations of
maximum entropy predictions for the decayed, late-time state. Both formulations
define an entropy through a somewhat ad hoc discretization of vorticity to the
"particles" of which statistical mechanical methods are employed to define an
entropy, before passing to a mean-field limit. In one case, the particles are
delta-function parallel "line" vortices ("points" in two dimensions), and in
the other, they are finite-area, mutually-exclusive convected "patches" of
vorticity which in the limit of zero area become "points." We use
time-dependent, spectral-method direct numerical simulation of the
Navier-Stokes equations to see if initial conditions which should relax to
different late-time states under the two formulations actually do so.Comment: 21 pages, 24 figures: submitted to "Physics of Fluids
Sudden stoppage of rotor in a thermally driven rotary motor made from double-walled carbon nanotubes
In a thermally driven rotary motor made from double-walled carbon nanotubes, the rotor (inner tube) can be actuated to rotate within the stator (outer tube) when the environmental temperature is high enough. A sudden stoppage of the rotor can occur when the inner tube has been actuated to rotate at a stable high speed. To find the mechanisms of such sudden stoppages, eight motor models with the same rotor but different stators are built and simulated in the canonical NVT ensembles. Numerical results demonstrate that the sudden stoppage of the rotor occurs when the difference between radii is near 0.34 nm at a high environmental temperature. A smaller difference between radii does not imply easier activation of the sudden rotor stoppage. During rotation, the positions and electron density distribution of atoms at the ends of the motor show that a sp(1) bonded atom on the rotor is attracted by the sp(1) atom with the biggest deviation of radial position on the stator, after which they become two sp(2) atoms. The strong bond interaction between the two atoms leads to the loss of rotational speed of the rotor within 1 ps. Hence, the sudden stoppage is attributed to two factors: the deviation of radial position of atoms at the stator's ends and the drastic thermal vibration of atoms on the rotor in rotation. For a stable motor, sudden stoppage could be avoided by reducing deviation of the radial position of atoms at the stator's ends. A nanobrake can be, thus, achieved by adjusting a sp(1) atom at the ends of stator to stop the rotation of rotor quickly.The authors are grateful for financial support from the National Natural-Science-Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50908190, 11372100)
Effects of Chemical Feedbacks on Decadal Methane Emissions Estimates
The coupled chemistry of methane, carbon monoxide (CO), and hydroxyl radical (OH) can modulate methane's 9‐year lifetime. This is often ignored in methane flux inversions, and the impacts of neglecting interactive chemistry have not been quantified. Using a coupled‐chemistry box model, we show that neglecting the effect of methane source perturbation on [OH] can lead to a 25% bias in estimating abrupt changes in methane sources after only 10 years. Further, large CO emissions, such as from biomass burning, can increase methane concentrations by extending the methane lifetime through impacts on [OH]. Finally, we quantify the biases of including (or excluding) coupled chemistry in the context of recent methane and CO trends. Decreasing CO concentrations, beginning in the 2000's, have notable impacts on methane flux inversions. Given these nonnegligible errors, decadal methane emissions inversions should incorporate chemical feedbacks for more robust methane trend analyses and source attributions
Carbon-doped ZnO: A New Class of Room Temperature Dilute Magnetic Semiconductor
We report magnetism in carbon doped ZnO. Our first-principles calculations
based on density functional theory predicted that carbon substitution for
oxygen in ZnO results in a magnetic moment of 1.78 per carbon. The
theoretical prediction was confirmed experimentally. C-doped ZnO films
deposited by pulsed laser deposition with various carbon concentrations showed
ferromagnetism with Curie temperatures higher than 400 K, and the measured
magnetic moment based on the content of carbide in the films (
per carbon) is in agreement with the theoretical prediction. The magnetism is
due to bonding coupling between Zn ions and doped C atoms. Results of
magneto-resistance and abnormal Hall effect show that the doped films are
-type semiconductors with intrinsic ferromagnetism. The carbon doped ZnO
could be a promising room temperature dilute magnetic semiconductor (DMS) and
our work demonstrates possiblity of produing DMS with non-metal doping.Comment: REVtex source with 4 figures in eps forma
Cube sums of form and II
Let be a prime. We prove that both and are cube sums. We also establish some explicit Gross-Zagier formulae and investigate the 3 part full BSD conjecture of the related elliptic curves
Excluded-Volume Effects in Tethered-Particle Experiments: Bead Size Matters
The tethered-particle method is a single-molecule technique that has been
used to explore the dynamics of a variety of macromolecules of biological
interest. We give a theoretical analysis of the particle motions in such
experiments. Our analysis reveals that the proximity of the tethered bead to a
nearby surface (the microscope slide) gives rise to a volume-exclusion effect,
resulting in an entropic force on the molecule. This force stretches the
molecule, changing its statistical properties. In particular, the proximity of
bead and surface brings about intriguing scaling relations between key
observables (statistical moments of the bead) and parameters such as the bead
size and contour length of the molecule. We present both approximate analytic
solutions and numerical results for these effects in both flexible and
semiflexible tethers. Finally, our results give a precise,
experimentally-testable prediction for the probability distribution of the
distance between the polymer attachment point and the center of the mobile
bead.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure
Universal local pair correlations of Lieb-Liniger bosons at quantum criticality
The one-dimensional Lieb-Liniger Bose gas is a prototypical many-body system
featuring universal Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid (TLL) physics and free fermion
quantum criticality. We analytically calculate finite temperature local pair
correlations for the strong coupling Bose gas at quantum criticality using the
polylog function in the framework of the Yang-Yang thermodynamic equations. We
show that the local pair correlation has the universal value in the quantum critical regime, the TLL phase and the
quasi-classical region, where is the pressure per unit length rescaled by
the interaction energy with interaction
strength and linear density . This suggests the possibility to test
finite temperature local pair correlations for the TLL in the relativistic
dispersion regime and to probe quantum criticality with the local correlations
beyond the TLL phase. Furthermore, thermodynamic properties at high
temperatures are obtained by both high temperature and virial expansion of the
Yang-Yang thermodynamic equation.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, additional text and reference
Size Estimation of Interface Crack by Interference Effect
It is of primary importance to estimate the crack size on the interface of two solids for evaluating the integrity of jointed interfaces. In this paper, the scattering problem of elastic waves is formulated for the interface crack of layered materials in water. Green’s function for the water/solid/solid material is constructed and utilized to represent the scattered pressure field in water caused by the crack opening displacement in the interface of two solids. Introduction of the far-field approximation for the scattered pressure field and then the high frequency approximation for the crack opening displacement leads to a simple equation which is related to the crack size, the wave velocity in water, the angles of incident wave and observation point, and the period of scattering amplitude in the frequency range. The size of interface crack is estimated by measuring the periodicity of the scattering amplitude for fixed transducer’s angles in water. Examples are shown for pulse-echo configurations
Decoherence and the retrieval of lost information
We found that in contrast with the common premise, a measurement on the
environment of an open quantum system can {\em reduce} its decoherence rate. We
demonstrate it by studying an example of indirect qubit's measurement, where
the information on its state is hidden in the environment. This information is
extracted by a distant device, coupled with the environment. We also show that
the reduction of decoherence generated by this device, is accompanied with
diminution of the environmental noise in a vicinity of the qubit. An
interpretation of these results in terms of quantum interference on large
scales is presented.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures, additional explanations added, Phys. Rev. B, in
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