Genetic association analysis based on a joint model of gene expression and blood pressure

Recent work on genetic association studies suggests that much of the heritable variation in complex traits is unexplained, which indicates a need for using more biologically meaningful modeling approaches and appropriate statistical methods. In this study, we propose a biological framework and a corresponding statistical model incorporating multilevel biological measures, and illustrate it in the analysis of the real data provided by the Genetic Analysis Workshop (GAW) 19, which contains whole genome sequence (WGS), gene expression (GE), and blood pressure (BP) data. We investigate the direct effect of single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) on BP and GE, while considering the non-directional dependence between BP and GE, by using copula functions to jointly model BP and GE conditional on SNVs. We implement the method for analysis on a genome-wide scale, and illustrate it within an association analysis of 68,727 SNVs on chromosome 19 that lie in or around genes with available GE measures. Although there is no indication for inflated type I errors under the proposed method, our results show that the association tests have smaller p values than tests under univariate models for common and rare variants using single-variant tests and gene-based multimarker tests. Hence, considering multilevel biological measures and modeling the dependence structure between these measures by using a plausible graphical approach may lead to more informative findings than standard univariate tests of common variants and well-recognized gene-based rare variant tests

BIOLOGY OF SILKWORM (BOMBYX MORI) IN TURKEY

According to oldest records the first time silkworm was cultivated and silk was obtained from cocoonat China. Silkworm eggs and mulberry seeds was brought to Istanbul illegally the year 552 at age of Byzantine Empire although China kept it as a secret. It started to spread Marmara regione specially Bursa and It’s neighbourhood. Then it was spreaded to allover the world. Sericulture have been economical, cultural and traditional cultivating sector at Turkey for 1500 years. Silkworm is cultivated at about 30 countries that include Turkey. Silk fiber is superior to other fibers in terms of stability, flexibility and brightness. Amount of need is approximately twice the amount of cultivating. In whole world Turkish silk fiber quality is at second rank after japanese silk. Silkworm is a general term that includes a range from worm to the butterfly. Silkworm is a kind of night butterflies. Butterflies are light cream colour have chubby bodies and have soft feathers. Wingspan is about 4-5 cm. Butterfly have lost flying ability because of domestication also have 2 or 3 days life and at that period doesn’t feed and doesn’t fly. Silkworm is fed with mulberry leaves. One cocoon is made from a single silk fiber it’s lenght is 800 meters. Real silkworm named “Bombyx Mori L” is bred at mulberry tree which is cultivated at China is white breed. Bombyx Mori L silkworm producesbest silk fiber amoung other genus and it is most special genus cultivated

The analgesic effect of preemptive lumbar paravertebral block in patients undergoing laminectomy

Administration of morphine with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is a routine technique in postoperative pain relief on laminectomy. In this study, we aimed to evaulate the effect of preemptive paravertebral somatic block with levobupivacaine on postoperative morphine consumption. After approval of the Medical Faculty Ethics Commitee and patient consent, aged 20-70 years, American Society of Anesthesiologist physical status I-II, 100 patients who were undergoing laminectomy, were included. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: 0.1 mg/kg intravenous boluse mophine was given to patients in the first group 20 minutes before the end of operation and intravenous PCA morphine (40 mg morphine in 100 mL isotonic saline, PCA demand dose 0.02 mg kg, 20 min lockout time) was given after the operation. The patients in the second group were placed prone position after intubation, bilateral paravertebral somatic block was performed with 5 mL levobupivacaine 0,5% for each nerve to upper dermatome of laminectomy level. Intravenous PCA morphine was started after the end of operation. All patients were recieved 8 mg ondansetron for antiemesis. Postoperative systolic and diastolic blood pressures, heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation values, pain [Visual Analog Scale (VAS)] scores, total morphine consumption and side effects were recorded. Demographic data, operation times and hemodynamic parameters of groups were similar. VAS scores were higher in group 1 than group 2 on postoperative 4, 6, and 12 hours (P<0.05). Total morphine consumption was recorded as 29.46±9.34 mg in group 1 and 2 and 88±7.28 mg in group 2 for 24 hours. Total morphine consumption was significantly lower in group 2 than group 1 (P<0.05). We conclude that the application of preemptive lumbar paravertebral somatic block with levobupivacaine reduce morphine requirement, provides more efficient analgesia, without change in hemodynamic parameters or side effects. © 2009 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc

Safety and efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce ileus after colorectal surgery

Background: Ileus is common after elective colorectal surgery, and is associated with increased adverse events and prolonged hospital stay. The aim was to assess the role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for reducing ileus after surgery. Methods: A prospective multicentre cohort study was delivered by an international, student- and trainee-led collaborative group. Adult patients undergoing elective colorectal resection between January and April 2018 were included. The primary outcome was time to gastrointestinal recovery, measured using a composite measure of bowel function and tolerance to oral intake. The impact of NSAIDs was explored using Cox regression analyses, including the results of a centre-specific survey of compliance to enhanced recovery principles. Secondary safety outcomes included anastomotic leak rate and acute kidney injury. Results: A total of 4164 patients were included, with a median age of 68 (i.q.r. 57\u201375) years (54\ub79 per cent men). Some 1153 (27\ub77 per cent) received NSAIDs on postoperative days 1\u20133, of whom 1061 (92\ub70 per cent) received non-selective cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors. After adjustment for baseline differences, the mean time to gastrointestinal recovery did not differ significantly between patients who received NSAIDs and those who did not (4\ub76 versus 4\ub78 days; hazard ratio 1\ub704, 95 per cent c.i. 0\ub796 to 1\ub712; P = 0\ub7360). There were no significant differences in anastomotic leak rate (5\ub74 versus 4\ub76 per cent; P = 0\ub7349) or acute kidney injury (14\ub73 versus 13\ub78 per cent; P = 0\ub7666) between the groups. Significantly fewer patients receiving NSAIDs required strong opioid analgesia (35\ub73 versus 56\ub77 per cent; P &lt; 0\ub7001). Conclusion: NSAIDs did not reduce the time for gastrointestinal recovery after colorectal surgery, but they were safe and associated with reduced postoperative opioid requirement