International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis

Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICAR‐RS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICAR‐RS‐2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidence‐based findings of the document. Methods: ICAR‐RS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidence‐based reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidence‐based reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICAR‐RS‐2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidence‐based management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICAR‐RS‐2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidence‐based recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS

Composite Materials in Molecular Imprinting Technology

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are artificial plastic materials that mimic antibodies or enzymes. Like natural antibodies or enzymes, molecularly imprinted polymers can selectively bind target molecules or can promote catalytic reactions. In contrast to these natural entities, they are robust materials that resist heat, harsh chemicals and the presence of organic solvents. The starting materials are cheap, the preparation is relatively simple and polymer particles have long shelf lives. MIPs constitute therefore promising alternatives to antibodies or enzymes in certain processes. For preparing a MIP, a target molecule along with functional and cross-linking monomers is dissolved in a solvent. The functional monomers interact with the target molecule and form an assembly, which is then frozen in by polymerization. The so obtained polymer block is ground and sieved to yield particles with a desired size. Then the target molecule can be extracted from the polymer particles thereby liberating the specific binding sites. Such traditional, molecularly imprinted polymer particles suffer from a series of disadvantages; the process is quite time consuming and leads to irregular polymer granules that exhibit low capacities, polyclonal binding sites and binding sites that are not well accessible. This thesis gives an overview of various methods with which molecularly imprinted polymers can be prepared that aim at improving the quality of the recognition site. These include new polymerization methods, construction of binding sites on surfaces and preparation of MIPs utilizing heterogeneous systems like imprinting at interfaces. A focus was on the development of a novel approach to molecular imprinting, with the target molecule covalently immobilized on a solid support material. This thesis also describes methods that yield spherical and monodisperse MIP beads, and methods that lead to other well defined physical forms of MIPs, such as composites with pre-formed beads, composites with porous membranes and thin films on flat substrates

Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Beads

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Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Beads

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The Noncovalent Approach

No abstract available

Catalyzing a cycloaddition with molecularly imprinted polymers obtained via immobilized templates

Polymeric catalysts to be applied in the Diels-Alder cycloaddition of hexachlorocyclopentadiene and maleic acid have been prepared via molecular imprinting with template molecules immobilized on silica particles. These enzyme mimicking polymers exhibit specific catalytic effects compared to non-imprinted control polymers or polymer-free solutions. It could be demonstrated that the activity of the molecularly imprinted material rises when increasing the temperature. By this means, the reduction of the activation energy (as expected for catalysts) from 63 to 55 kJ mol(-1) could be observed. Furthermore, the reaction was characterized based on the Michaelis-Menten model. For the diene compound a Michaelis constant of K-M = 5.8 mmol l(-1) and an effective reaction rate of r(max,eff) = 0.41 mumol l(-1) s(-1), leading to a reaction rate constant k(eff) = 1.1 x 10(-3) s(-1), were determined. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

A facile method for preparing molecularly imprinted polymer spheres using spherical silica templates

A novel and facile preparation method for spherical molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) beads is presented. Two types of beads were synthesized and investigated: (i) silica-MIP composites were obtained by filling spherical, porous C-4-coated silica beads with print molecule and monomers followed by polymerisation; (ii) spherical molecularly imprinted polymer beads were acquired mirroring the silica particles in size, shape and pore structure by removing the silica matrix from the silica-MIP composites. With regard to their chromatographic properties and yield of the materials both types of particle were more advantageous compared to irregularly shaped traditional MIPs. Also the work-up time to obtain imprinted spherical particles is greatly reduced compared to traditional methods using polymer monoliths, which have to be ground, sieved and sedimented. Generally, the described method may open new possibilities for synthesis of novel types of imprinted polymer formats such as membranes, bulk polymers, films or in-situ columns using appropriate support or sacrificial materials

New configurations and applications of molecularly imprinted polymers

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are applicable in a variety of different configurations. For example, bulk polymers imprinted with β-lactam antibiotics are presented to be used as stationary phases for the chromatographic separation of β-lactam antibiotics with both aqueous and organic mobile phases. However, in some analytical applications, monosized spherical beads are preferred over the currently used ground bulk polymers. A precipitation polymerization technique allows preparation of monosized spherical imprinted beads with diameters down to 200 nm having excellent recognition properties for different target molecules. Nevertheless, with current imprinting protocols a substantial amount of template has to be used to prepare the polymer. This can be problematic if the template is poorly soluble, expensive or difficult to obtain. It is shown that for analytical applications, the functional monomer:template ratio can be drastically increased without jeopardizing the polymer's recognition properties. Furthermore, a substantial reduction of the degree of crosslinking is demonstrated, resulting in much more flexible polymers that are useful for example the preparation of thin imprinted films and membranes for sensors. Apart from analysis, MIPs also are applicable in chemical or enzymatic synthesis. For example, MIPs using the product of an enzyme reaction as template are utilized for assisting the synthetic reaction by continuously removing the product from the bulk solution by complexation. This results in an equilibrium shift towards product formation. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V

Thioguanine-Related Chronic Hepatotoxicity in a Child with Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Case Report and Review

WOS: 000219056100012The association between 6-Thioguanine (6-TG) treatment and drug-induced liver injury has been reported since 1976. Recent reports have suggested that treatment of patients with 6-TG can lead to chronic hepatotoxicity and portal hypertension. Most of the cases reported to have 6-TG related hepatotoxicity had acute lymphoblastic leukemia or inflammatory bowel disease. In this case report, we discussed the diagnosis and approach in an acute myeloid leukemia patient who developed 6-TG related chronic hepatotoxicity

Familial Mediterranean Fever Mimicking Wilson's Disease: A Case Report

WOS: 000443041100010Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration) is an autosomal recessive defect in cellular copper transport. Impaired biliary copper excretion leads to an accumulation of copper mostly in the liver, brain and cornea. Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF) is an autosomal recessive autoimmune disease as a result of a mutation in the MEFV gene encoding pyrin protein characterized by recurring fever and polyserositis attacks. In this report, we describe a Turkish female child with cholestatic hepatitis of unknown etiology who was later diagnosed with typical FMF