Screening of Tomatoes for Their Resistance to Salinity and Drought Stress

In the study, 55 tomato genotypes have been investigated for their responses against salinity stresses in 48 day old early plant growth stage. For these purposes, several morphological and physiological measurements and analysis have been done in stressed plants. Shoot and root dry weights, plant height, leaf number, leaf area, relative water content, stomatal conductance, leaf osmotic potential, leaf water potential, shoot K, Ca and Cl concentrations were measured and analyzed. Salt and drought tolerant and sensitive (intolerant) genotypes have been found out according to the responses of the tomato genotypes to the above mentioned morphological and physiological parameters. At the end of the study, the fifty-five tomato genotypes were classified as tolerant, mildly tolerant or susceptible. Shoot dry weight, plant total leaf area, leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, stomatal conductance, K, Ca, Na and Cl concentrations in shoot and root, K/Na, Ca/Na, membrane injury index and visual appearance of damages were more relevant parameter for screening studies. Keywords: Stress, saline, water, tolerance, selection, breedin

Composição mineral de folhas de berinjela enxertada e cultivada em solos infestados com Verticillium e nematóide-das-galhas

The objective of this work was to determine differences in leaf mineral composition between ungrafted and grafted onto (Solanum torvum) eggplant (Solanum melongena), cultivars 'Faselis' and 'Pala', grown in a soil infested with Verticillium dahliae and Meloidogyne incognita, or in a noninfested soil. Grafting increased leaf P and Mn concentrations, and decreased N concentrations, in both soils. Grafting also enhanced leaf Ca concentration of 'Pala', but it did not affect that of 'Faselis' depending on the cropping year. Leaf Mg concentration of grafted plants in infested soil was lower than that of ungrafted ones in noninfested soil. Results showed that, under the same fertilization program, the grafted 'Faselis' plants used the nutrients more efficiently than the 'Pala' ones. Use of S. torvum as a rootstock for 'Faselis' resulted in an effective protection against multiple pathogen infestation. Fertilization may be necessary when grafted 'Faselis' plants are grown in a soil infested with the pathogens, since grafting and infestation generally decrease leaf N, Mg, Ca and Fe concentrations, either by reducing the nutrient concentrations directly or by increasing leaf Mn concentration.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar as diferenças de composição mineral das folhas entre as cultivares de berinjela (Solanum melongena), 'Faselis' e 'Pala', enxertadas em Solanum torvum ou não enxertadas, e plantadas em solos infestados ou não com Verticillium dahliae e Meloidogyne incognita. A enxertia aumentou as concentrações de P e Mn nas folhas e diminuiu as de nitrogênio, em ambos os solos. A enxertia também aumentou a concentração de Ca foliar em 'Pala', mas não em 'Faselis', conforme o ano agrícola. A concentração de Mg foliar, em plantas enxertadas em solo infestado, foi menor que a de plantas não enxertadas em solo não infestado. Com um mesmo programa de adubação, as plantas enxertadas de 'Faselis' utilizaram os nutrientes de maneira mais eficiente que as de 'Pala'. O uso de S. torvum como porta-enxerto para Faselis, em solo contaminado com os patógenos resultou em proteção efetiva contra a infestação múltipla por patógenos. Fertilizações podem ser necessárias quando plantas enxertadas de 'Faselis' são cultivadas em solos infestados, já que a enxertia e a infestação geralmente reduzem as concentrações foliares de N, Mg, Ca and Fe, seja pela redução direta nos teores dos nutrientes, seja pelo aumento da concentração foliar de Mn

Strigolactones positively regulate chilling tolerance in pea and in Arabidopsis

Strigolactones (SL) fulfil important roles in plant development and stress tolerance. Here, we characterized the role of SL in the dark chilling tolerance of pea and Arabidopsis by analysis of mutants that are defective in either SL synthesis or signalling. Pea mutants (rms3, rms4, and rms5) had significantly greater shoot branching with higher leaf chlorophyll a/b ratios and carotenoid contents than the wild type. Exposure to dark chilling significantly decreased shoot fresh weights but increased leaf numbers in all lines. Moreover, dark chilling treatments decreased biomass (dry weight) accumulation only in rms3 and rms5 shoots. Unlike the wild type plants, chilling‐induced inhibition of photosynthetic carbon assimilation was observed in the rms lines and also in the Arabidopsis max3‐9, max4‐1, and max2‐1 mutants that are defective in SL synthesis or signalling. When grown on agar plates, the max mutant rosettes accumulated less biomass than the wild type. The synthetic SL, GR24, decreased leaf area in the wild type, max3‐9, and max4‐1 mutants but not in max2‐1 in the absence of stress. In addition, a chilling‐induced decrease in leaf area was observed in all the lines in the presence of GR24. We conclude that SL plays an important role in the control of dark chilling tolerance.BBSRC, Grant/Award Number: BB/K501839/1https://wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/pce2019-06-01hj2018Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)Plant Production and Soil Scienc

Physiological root responses of iron deficiency susceptible and tolerant tomato genotypes and their reciprocal F1 hybrids

By using two tomato genotypes line 227/1 (Fe chlorosis susceptible) and Roza (Fe chlorosis tolerant) and their reciprocal F1 hybrid, some root morphological changes, pH changes of nutrient solution, reduction capacity of FeIII and uptake and root-to-shoot translocation of 59Fe were studied under controlled environmental conditions in nutrient solution with 3 different Fe supplies as Fe EDDHA (i.e., 10-7 M, severe Fe deficiency; 10-6 M, intermediate Fe deficiency; 10-4 M, adequate Fe supply). Tolerant parent 'Roza' was less affected by low Fe supply than susceptible parent 'line 227/1' as judged from the severity of leaf chlorosis. Under both Fe deficient conditions there were no differences between the reciprocal hybrids concerning the appearance of chlorosis. Under intermediate Fe deficiency, reciprocal F1 hybrids ('line 227/1 x Roza' and 'Roza x line' 227/1) showed an intermediate chlorosis between tolerant and susceptible parents. However, under severe Fe deficiency the reciprocal hybrids were more chlorotic than the tolerant parent irrespective of which parent was the cytoplasm contributor. A decreased Fe supply during preculture enhanced FeIII reduction capacities of the parents and reciprocal hybrids. Differences in the tolerance to Fe deficiency always were better correlated with FeIII reduction capacity of the genotypes than the Fe deficiency-induced release of H+ ions. Under both Fe deficient conditions the tolerant parent Roza had a much higher FeIII reduction capacity than the susceptible parent line 227/1. The reduction capacity of the hybrids 'Roza x line 227/1' was very similar to the capacity of the parent Roza, but higher than the capacity of the hybrids 'line 227/1 x Roza' at both Fe-deficient conditions. Under both Fe deficient conditions tolerant parent had higher number of lateral roots than the susceptible parent. Among the reciprocal hybrids 'Roza x line 227/1' possessed more lateral roots than the 'line 227/1 x Roza' under both Fe deficient conditions. Low Fe nutritional status resulted in marked increase in root uptake of 59Fe. At adequate Fe supply, reciprocal hybrids and their parents did not differ in uptake and root-to-shoot translocation of Fe. However, under Fe-deficient conditions uptake and root-to-shoot translocation of 59Fe were significantly higher in the Fe chlorosis tolerant than the susceptible parent. Based on the reduction capacity of FeIII and uptake and root-to-shoot translocation of Fe, the F1 hybrids obtained from the cross in which the maternal genotype was Roza appeared to be more tolerant than when the maternal genotype was the susceptible line 227/1. Uptake and translocation ratio of the F1 hybrids obtained from 'Roza x line 227/1' were similar to those of the parent Roza, but higher than the F1 hybrids obtained from 'line 227/1 x Roza', particularly under intermediate Fe deficiency. The results indicate that FeIII reduction show a better relationship to Fe efficiency than Fe deficiency induced release of H+ ions. The inheritance of Fe deficiency tolerance of Roza seems not to be simple monogenic. It might be characterised by both, nuclear and extranuclear heredity. The intermediate responses of the reciprocal hybrids of the 'line 227/1 x Rise' indicates that the Fe deficiency tolerance character of Rise is transferable by nuclear heredity. The better responses of the hybrids of 'Rise x line 227/1' than the hybrids of 'line 227/1 x Rise' may be due to maternal transmission from the parent Rise besides the nuclear transmission.The first author wishes to thank the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) for a research grant

The Physiological Parameters to Compare for Drought Between Early Stage In Pot and Mature Stage In Field for Melons

4th International Conference on Agriculture and Horticulture (AGRI) -- FEB 15-17, 2015 -- Amsterdam, NETHERLANDSWOS: 000380953000148Melon research was carried out in order to investigate the relationships of drought responses between young and mature plants. These relationships will be useful to shorten the drought breeding process and it will not be necessary to grow the melon plant until the mature stage. Therefore time, labor and money can be saved in the drought breeding programs. Twenty-nine days old plants grown in pot and 113 days old plants grown in field under the drought stress were compared for some physiological parameters. The number of melon genotypes was 29 for both the pot and field experiments. The parameters investigated were stomatal conductance, membrane injury, leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, leaf temperature, leaf Ca and K concentrations. The main results of the melon research were: 1) The data relative to control showed definitely higher relationships than the data in absolute under the drought, 2) The most important relationships between young and mature tomato plants that can be used to shorten screening/breeding process were stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, leaf osmotic potential, membrane injury, and leaf Ca concentration, respectively. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V

Determination of screening techniques to salinity tolerance in tomatoes and investigation of genotype responses

In order to determine the predictive screening parameters that can be applied at early development stages of tomato plants, 55 tomato genotypes were grown in nutrient solution with 200 mM NaCl. The relationships among the salinity scale classes based on the visual appearance and shoot Na+ accumulation, K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ ratios and shoot-root dry weights were investigated. Tomato genotypes differed greatly for shoot Na+ concentration and salinity scale classes were significantly correlated with Na+ concentrations. Higher shoot Na+ concentrations indicated higher shoot damage. Shoot K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ ratios were significantly correlated with the salinity scale classes. The higher shoot K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ ratios indicated lower shoot damage. Tomato genotypes grown under 200 mM NaCI stress showed significant variations in shoot and root dry weights. However, no significant correlations were found between the shoot-root dry weight and the scale classes and Na+ concentration and the ion ratios investigated. These may indicate that plant shoot and root dry weights were independent of salt tolerance at the growth stage reached in this study

Comparison of Physiological Parameters for Drought in Tomatoes Between Early Stage in Pot and Mature Stage in Field

4th International Conference on Agriculture and Horticulture (AGRI) -- FEB 15-17, 2015 -- Amsterdam, NETHERLANDSWOS: 000380953000072Forty-five days old tomato plants grown in pot and 122 days old tomato plants grown in field were compared for drought responses. The relationships between young and mature plants responses will be useful to shorten the drought breeding process and it will not be necessary to grow the melon plants until the mature stage. Therefore time, labor and money can be saved in the drought breeding programs. Twenty-four different tomato genotypes were used for the pot and field experiments. The stomatal conductance, membrane injury, leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential, leaf temperature, leaf Ca and K concentrations, shoot fresh weight and the visual shoot appearance by the 1-5 scale evaluation were investigated. The degree of the drought stress was 50 % irrigation of the control plants. The main results of the tomato research were: 1) The data relative to control showed definitely higher relationships than the data in absolute under the drought, 2) The most important relationships between young and mature tomato plants that can be used to shorten screening/breeding process were stomatal conductance (r = 0.608), leaf calcium (Ca) concentration (r = 0.573), membrane injury index (r = 0.510), leaf water potential (r = 0.499), shoot fresh weight (r = 0.477), shoot damage visual scale appearance (r = 0.314) and the leaf potassium concentration (r = 0.2043), respectively. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V

Identification of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) genotypes having resistance against root knot nematode meloidogyne incognita

Root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) cause immense yield losses in crops throughout the world. Use of resistant germplasms of plants limits the root knot nematode damages. In this study, 87 common bean (Phaseoulus vulgaris L.) genotypes were screened against the root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita to determine the resistance response under growth chamber conditions in Turkey. P. vulgaris genotypes were evaluated based on resistance index (RI); root galling severity and nematode egg mass production on a 1-9 scale. The nematode negatively influenced the growth (fresh weight) of bean genotypes. At the completion of the study, 13 bean genotypes were found as immune (Sehirali), highly resistant (TR42164, Seleksiyon 5, Seker Fasulye, Fas-Agadir-Suk-1) and moderately resistant (Acik Badem, TR68587, TR43477, TR53827, TR28018, Gülnar-3, Siyah Fasulye, Kibris Amerikan) against M. incognita thus suggesting the use of such genotypes in breeding studies as a parental material to develop the root knot nematode resistant cultivars. © 2015, Agricultural Research Communication Centre. All Rights Reserved

The Effectiveness of Grafting to Improve Salt Tolerance of Sensitive Melon When the Tolerant Melon is Use as Rootstock

4th International Conference on Agriculture and Horticulture (AGRI) -- FEB 15-17, 2015 -- Amsterdam, NETHERLANDSWOS: 000380953000147Melon is one of the important species of the Cucurbitaceae family. However the salinity sensitivity of the melon is the significant limitation in melon production areas. Grafting can be an alternative solution for saline conditions however the rootstock affinity of melons with the other species of the Cucurbitaceae family, mainly different squashes, is still economically uncertain. Therefore may be the melon itself can be good rootstock for the melon scions. In this research, the melon rootstock for melon scion was studied for salinity tolerance. Melon cultivars that are sensitive and tolerant to salinity were reciprocally grafted and plants were grown under salt stress with control plants. Growing culture was vermiculite and plants were irrigated by the complete nutrient solution. Thirty days old melon plants, grafted and un-grafted were subjected to salinity stress during 25 days with 100mM NaCI. Some physiological parameters were investigated. Grafting on the tolerant melon increased the responses of the sensitive melon to salinity in comparison to the un-grafted one. The shoot fresh weight and leaf area both were increased by 27%, leaf water potential was increased by 65%. Leaf membrane injury was decreased by 13 and stomatal conductance was increased by 18%. Grafting technique and salt tolerant-melon-rootstock can be good solution for melon production under the saline conditions. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V

Grafted eggplant yield, quality and growth in infested soil with Verticillium dahliae and Meloidogyne incognita

WOS: 000276086700017The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of grafting (onto Solanum torvum Sw.) on plant growth, yield and fruit quality of the Pala and Faselis eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) cultivars, grown in a soil infested with Verticillium dahliae Kleb. and Meloidogyne incognita, or in noninfested soil. Soil infestation decreased yield, plant height, final above-ground biomass, and also reduced fruit mean weight and shoot dry weight depending on cultivar or grafting. Grafting decreased fruit oxalic acid and the soluble solid contents, and increased mean fruit weight, depending on cultivar and soil infestation. Grafting also reduced the negative effects of the pathogens on disease index, plant height and shoot dry weight. Cultivar Pala was more vigorous than Faselis, and S. torvum was a vigorous rootstock. The combination of a vigorous rootstock with a weak cultivar (Faselis) is more profitable than that of a vigorous rootstock and a vigorous cultivar (Pala). Using S. torvum as a rootstock for cultivar Faselis, grown in soil infested with the pathogens, is most likely to be useful in conventional and low-input sustainable horticulture, since grafting increases protection against the pathogens, and reduces the losses in quality and yield