Touristic and Environmental Impacts of Historical Towns: The Reflections Of Spaces In Traditional Diyarbakir Architecture

For the sustainability of historical towns and traditional buildings those are no longer feasible, an adaptive use must be given. This adaptive use must be convenient with socio-economic and cultural structure of the historical site. The most popular way for the maintenance of the historical site is the tourism activity. The case study held on for this reason is the historical town of Diyarbakýr. The town is surrounded by old city walls. The black basalt walls are perfect examples of the mediaeval architecture. Although some of the walls were from Roman, and even earlier times, the present walls date back to early Byzantine times. The main from civil architecture examples inside the walls are the traditional houses which are relevant with user requirements, desirability; habits of users are connected with socio-economic and socio-cultural values. Social experience, visions, believes, ethical principles are sourced from nature and living styles have affected the traditional Diyarbakýr housing architecture. The reflections of culture and civilization with integration of environment and material in physical space can be seen in traditional Diyarbakýr houses. Climatic conditions and social structure have played an important role in the shaping of the interior and exterior spaces of the traditional Diyarbakýr houses. There are few examples of restored houses in the old town. Some of them have become museum being due to the birth place of very popular writers and poets in them. The large houses which oriented for the patriarchal family style lost their function in the contemporary life style. Some of them can not be conserved as a house as before because of being too large for a small family. Some adaptive uses must be given for them concerning: • gaining these 100-150 years buildings which lose partly their function world tourism and world cultural heritage, by giving new functions to them • conservation of these buildings providing new usage, • conservation of historical environment, • by distinguishing different functional groups according to necessities considering location and size of the buildings in the historical town by means of building determination work • economical evaluation • The necessity of giving new function to buildings those do not meet the need due to changing social environment • The reuse of the buildings by relevant techniques not only in building scale also in historical town scale. The other structures that have already lost their original uses and no longer feasible in the medieval town are the hamams, the inns and old bazaar where the hand crafts production are made must be protected. For example, by means of production of some touristic handcrafts and selling them inside, restaurants or hostels in those traditional houses in order to get the authentic atmosphere. The aim of the study is to preserve those structures for a sustainable conservation and the very convenient way to do it is using them for tourism. In order to give an adaptive use for these structures the analysis of the existing structures has to be made and the requirements of the tourism innovations have to be considered.

Modification of Aromatic Self-Assembled Monolayers by Electron Irradiation

Der Effekt von Elektronenbestrahlung an selbstorganisierende Monolagen (SAMs) von aromatischen Thiolen mit stabförmigen oligophenyl, acene und oligo(phenylen ethinylen) (OPE) Rückgrat, bestehend aus einem bis drei Phenyl Ringen, wurde mit einem besonderen Fokus auf die Entwicklung von strahleninduzierten Prozessen und die Eigenschaften von diesen Filmen als Negativresist in Elektronenlitographie untersucht. Bereits in einem frühen Stadium der Bestrahlung, zeigten alle untersuchten Filme ein ähnliches Verhalten mit einer klaren Dominanz von Quervernetzung. Die Wirkungsquerschnitte für die Modifikation der SAM Matrix und der Beschädigung der SAM-Substrat Grenzfläche wurden mittels einer Primärelektronenenergie von 50 eV bestimmt, welche häufig für die Herstellung von Kohlenstoff-Nanomembranen (KNMs) verwendet wird. Die ermittelten Werte sind ähnlich in innerhalb eines Prozesses und unterscheiden sich nur geringfügig für die verschiedenen Rückgraten. Die zwei-Ring Systeme zeigten mit einer optimalen Dosis von 10-20 mC/cm² bei 0.5-1 keV die beste Eignung als lithographischer Resist. Die Leistung der ein-Ring und drei-Ring Systeme wurde durch die geringere Anzahl an Quervernetzungen und den hohen Widerstand der Ausgangsschichten gegen die Ätzlösungen beeinträchtigt. Ein weiterer Prozess, welcher mit auf die schlechte lithographische Leistung der drei-Ring Systeme zurückgeführt werden kann, aber auch bei den zwei-Ring Systemen bei einer hohen Dosis auftrat, war das spontane Ablösen der quervernetzen SAMs innerhalb der bestrahlten Flächen in Form von KNMs. Aus den lithographischen Daten wurden der Wirkungsquerschnitt und die strahleninduzierte Quervernetzung ermittelt und in Zusammenhang mit Rückstreuung und Sekundärelektronenausbeute diskutiert. Für die drei-Ring Systeme wurde zum ersten Mal die Herstellung von KNMs aus SAMs mit OPE Rückgrat gezeigt. Zusätzlich zu den oben genannten Experimenten wurden die elektrischen Transporteigenschaften von den hergestellten SAMs nach Elektronenbestrahlung (50 eV) untersucht. Die Two-Terminal Junction Methode wurde dafür verwendet. Die erhaltenen Werte für die Stromdichte korrelieren sehr gut mit der molekularen Länge und bestätigen die generelle Forme

Design aspects of high strength steel welded structures improved by high frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) treatment

This doctoral study is concerned with the fatigue strength of welded steel structures which are improved by high frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) treatment. A comprehensive evaluation of 417 HFMI test data obtained from the literature and 24 HFMI fatigue data tested as a part of this work are studied. According to the statistical analyses an S-N slope of five (5) is proposed. A yield strength correction procedure which relates the material yield strength (fy) to fatigue is presented and verified based on the constant amplitude R = 0.1 axial tension fatigue data. The fy correction method significantly reduced the observed scatter in the data with respect to data without any fy correction. Fatigue strength evaluations are done based on the nominal stress (NS), the structural hot spot stress (SHSS) and the effective notch stress (ENS) methods. By defining a reference fy at 355 MPa, an increase in strength of approximately 12.5% for every 200 MPa increase in fy above the reference fy is found. For the NS and SHSS systems, this study gives HFMI design recommendations including a five (5) fatigue class increase in strength with respect to the NS and SHSS fatigue classes for the same weld detail in the as-welded condition. In the case of the ENS, a four (4) fatigue class improvement is proposed and verified. For HFMI welds with fy > 950 MPa, the proposals are extended to represent a stepwise increase up to an eight (8) fatigue class improvement for the NS and the SHSS methods whereas the ENS method leads to a seven (7) fatigue class improvement. All the proposed characteristic curves in this study are conservative with respect to available fatigue test data. In the experimental study case, longitudinal non-load carrying high strength steel attachments were considered. Specimens were manufactured by a robot using an identical weld procedure and afterwards they were sent to four different HFMI tool manufacturers for post-weld treatment. All improved specimens were tested using the same variable amplitude loading history. Experimental test results indicate that all of the HFMI-improved welds from the four different HFMI equipment manufacturers satisfied the previously-proposed characteristic S-N line based on both the material fy and the specimen geometry. In addition, detailed specimen alignment, weld profile and HFMI groove measurements were done for each specimen. Residual stress measurements were performed on some of the specimens using the X-ray diffraction method. While clear differences were observed, the HFMI groove dimensions and the resulting residual stress state following treatment were generally similar. The goal of the round robin study was to verify that a single guidance could be developed for different HFMI technologies

A modular software architecture for UAVs

There have been several attempts to create scalable and hardware independent software architectures for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). In this work, we propose an onboard architecture for UAVs where hardware abstraction, data storage and communication between modules are efficiently maintained. All processing and software development is done on the UAV while state and mission status of the UAV is monitored from a ground station. The architecture also allows rapid development of mission-specific third party applications on the vehicle with the help of the core module

Argümantasyon destekli probleme dayalı öğrenmenin öğrencilerin sorgulayıcı öğrenme beceri algılarına etkisi

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of argumentation supported problem-based learning practices in science instruction on seventh grade students' inquiry learning skills perceptions. Besides, the finding out of students' views about the argumentation supported problem based learning have been purposed. The research model is a 2x2 Solomon four grouped experimental design. The research which is continued the seventh class "Force and Energy" unit and applied by the own researcher has been realized with argumentation supported problem-based learning in experimental groups, and in the control groups with the activities and practices in the seventh grade science course textbook. The "Inquiry Learning Skills Perception Scale", which was given as a pre test at the beginning of the study for the Experiment 1 and Control 1 groups, was finally used as a post test in the Experiment 1, Experiment 2, Control 1 and Control 2 groups. In the obtained data, it was determined that the increase of scores on the seventh grade students' inquiry learning skills perceptions was not significant. Besides, in the outcome of semi-constructed interviews carried out with students who are in the experimental groups it has been concluded that all of the interviewers' views about the effects of argumentation supported problem based learning on process and learning are positive

Demonstrating a powerful scale-up strategy for Biosimilar mAb in single use systems via physicochemical and functional characterization

Biosimilars have received a remarkable attention in the recent years. Due to the heterogeneity of biosimilar mAbs, they need to be well-characterized by various orthogonal techniques in order to identify their physicochemical and functional characteristics. Characterization of the post translational modifications, especially, glycosylation is vital to define the critical quality attributes (CQAs) which affect safety, efficacy and quality of drugs. In this study, we were able to manipulate the quality of the drug by using scale-up strategies for single use systems. By using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS), we were able to demonstrate physicochemical similarities between innovator and its biosimilar candidate. Even the PTM (N-terminal pyroglutamic acid formation, C-terminal lysine truncation, methionine and tryptophan oxidation, asparagine deamidation, N-glycosylation and glycation) levels of two products from 3 and 200-liter single-use bioreactors were highly similar compared to the innovator. The mass spectrometry studies showed that the scale-up strategy from 3 liter to 200 liter was successful. Deconvoluted mass spectrum for intact and reduced masses (heavy and light chain) of innovator and its biosimilar candidates from different production scales were significantly similar. Oxidation was observed to be lower in 200 liter bioreactor compared to the 3 liter. The N-glycan profiles for the major and minor glycan species were highly similar compared to the originator. Aggregation level in 200 liter was slightly lower than that of the small scale production. Mass spectrometry becomes an important tool to enhance the biosimilarity to the originator in order to decrease the clinical efforts to be able to provide affordable drugs to the patients

High Dose of Caffeine Mouth Rinse Increases Resistance Training Performance in Men

Caffeine mouth rinsing (CMR) has been shown to enhance exercise performance. However, no studies have analyzed the effects of different dosages of CMR on muscular performance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different dosages of CMR on strength (bench press 1 repetition maximum (1-RM)) and muscular endurance (60% of 1-RM repetitions to failure) in resistance-trained males. Fourteen resistance-trained males (age: 23 ± 2 years, height: 179 ± 3 cm, body mass: 83 ± 4 kg, BMI: 17 ± 2 kg/m2) completed four conditions in random order. The four conditions consisted of a mouth rinse with 25 mL solutions containing either 1% (250 mg) of CMR (low dose of CMR: LCMR), 2% (500 mg) of CMR (moderate dose of CMR: MCMR), 3% (750 mg) of CMR (high dose of CMR: HCMR) and sweetened water (placebo: PLA) for 5 s prior to a bench press strength and muscular endurance test. Maximal strength, muscular endurance, heart rate (HR) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded for each condition. There were no significant differences in strength (p = 0.30) and HR (p = 0.83) between conditions. HCMR significantly increased muscular endurance performance (p = 0.01) and decreased RPE values (p = 0.01). In conclusion, CMR did not affect bench press 1-RM strength performance, but muscular endurance responses to CMR seems to be dose-dependent

Royal Jelly Modulates Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Liver and Kidneys of Rats Treated with Cisplatin

Cisplatin (CDDP) is one of the most active cytotoxic agents in the treatment of cancer and has adverse side effects such as nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. The present study was designed to determine the effects of royal jelly (RJ) against oxidative stress caused by CDDP injury of the kidneys and liver, by measuring tissue biochemical and antioxidant parameters and investigating apoptosis immunohistochemically. Twenty-four Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups, group C: control group received 0.9% saline; group CDDP: injected i.p. with cisplatin (CDDP, 7 mg kg−1 body weight i.p., single dose); group RJ: treated for 15 consecutive days by gavage with RJ (300 mg/kg/day); group RJ + CDDP: treated by gavage with RJ 15 days following a single injection of CDDP. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels, glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were determined in liver and kidney homogenates, and the liver and kidney were also histologically examined. RJ elicited a significant protective effect towards liver and kidney by decreasing the level of lipid peroxidation (MDA), elevating the level of GSH, and increasing the activities of GST, GSH-Px, and SOD. In the immunohistochemical examinations were observed significantly enhanced apoptotic cell numbers and degenerative changes by cisplatin, but these histological changes were lower in the liver and kidney tissues of RJ + CDDP group. Besides, treatment with RJ lead to an increase in antiapoptotic activity hepatocytes and tubular epithelium. In conclusion, RJ may be used in combination with cisplatin in chemotherapy to improve cisplatin-induced oxidative stress parameters and apoptotic activity

Effects of 8 Weeks of Plyometric Exercise on Certain Physiological Parameters and Performance of Swimmers

In this study, it is aimed to review the effects of 8 week plyometric exercises on certain physiological parameters and freestyle swimming performance of swimmers of age 10-11 who practice swimming with a licence in city of Van. Study group has been created by 24 male volunteer swimmers who practice swimming with a licence in city of Van. 24 volunteer athletes aged 10-11, who are licenced swimmers for two years and who exercise regularly 5 days a week have been selected for the study. The athletes are randomly divided into experimental and control groups of 12. Throughout the study, in addition to swimming exercises, experimental group is scheduled to 3 days a week plyometric exercise program. Control group is not given any additional exercise except from the swimming exercises. It is seen that the obtained data does not show normal distribution and non-parametric tests of Mann Whitney U and Wilcoxon Test are used for data analysis. Significance level is taken as p0,05).      As a result, it is seen that the 8 week plyometric exercise has a significant effect on vertical leap and even though not statistically significant, it is pondered that it has a positive effect on freestyle swimming duration of experimental group, compared to that of control group

Baby with neonatal systemic juvenile xanthogranuloma born within a cross-cousin marriage

AbstractJuvenile xanthogranuloma is a non-Langerhans cell histiocytosis seen most commonly in childhood and adolescence. Extracutaneous involvement is rare. We report an interesting and extremely rare case of systemic (skin, lung, spleen, and colon) “juvenile xanthogranuloma” in the neonatal period. Our case was the first ever reported case born to a cross-cousin marriage