Geometric, volumetric, colour and frictional properties of selected Salvia species of turkey

Background: Salvia seeds are promite to dietary and healthy oils because they contain essential fatty acids. Salvia seeds frequently produce mucilage on soaking, and this mucilage is used for the treatment of eye diseases in eastern countries. Salvia species studied for medicine, food and cosmetics, have the potential to be used in the various fields. In the present study, selected engineering (geometrical, volumetrical, colour and frictional) properties of 6 Salvia species seeds were determined and compared.Materials and Methods: This study was performed on selected engineering properties of seeds of 6 Salvia species (Salvia viridis L., Salvia aethiopis L., Salvia cryptantha Montbert & Aucher ex Benthan., Salvia tomentosa Mill., Salvia sclarea L., Salvia virgata Jacq.,) cultivated in Turkey. Plants were collected during the vegetation in 2012-2013 (May-Agust). The seeds were cleaned from foreign matter, dirt and broken seeds manually.Results: The average length, width and thickness were found in the range of 2.61 to 3.53 mm, 1.59 to 2.92 mm and 1.14 to 2.52 mm, respectively. Salvia viridis L. specie had the lowest geometric mean diameter and surface area, whereas Salvia cryptantha L. had the least values among these 6 Salvia species for these properties. The bulk density, true density and the porosity were between 296.83 and 702.80 kg m-3, 285.69 and 718.08 kg m-3, 10.27 and 44.05%, respectively. The volume of unit seed and sphericity ranged between 2.56 and 13.64 mm3, 62.90 and 90.40%, respectively. The coefficient of friction of salvia species were largely influenced by the friction surfaces studied, and highest values were found for polywood in the Salvia crytantha L.. In the study, the static friction coefficient and the angle of repose of salvia species changed from 0.477 to 0.955, and from 14.09 to 23.57°, respectively.Conclusion: Determination of geometric, volumetric, colour and frictional properties of Salvia spp. seeds may increase their economic value.Keywords: Salvia seed, geometric mean diameter, chroma, static friction coefficien

GEOMETRIC, VOLUMETRIC, COLOUR AND FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED SALVIA SPECIES OF TURKEY

Background: Salvia seeds are promite to dietary and healthy oils because they contain essential fatty acids. Salvia seeds frequently produce mucilage on soaking, and this mucilage is used for the treatment of eye diseases in eastern countries. Salvia species studied for medicine, food and cosmetics, have the potential to be used in the various fields. In the present study, selected engineering (geometrical, volumetrical, colour and frictional) properties of 6 Salvia species seeds were determined and compared. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on selected engineering properties of seeds of 6 Salvia species (Salvia viridis L., Salvia aethiopis L., Salvia cryptantha Montbert & Aucher ex Benthan., Salvia tomentosa Mill., Salvia sclarea L., Salvia virgata Jacq.,) cultivated in Turkey. Plants were collected during the vegetation in 2012-2013 (May-Agust). The seeds were cleaned from foreign matter, dirt and broken seeds manually. Results: The average length, width and thickness were found in the range of 2.61 to 3.53 mm, 1.59 to 2.92 mm and 1.14 to 2.52 mm, respectively. Salvia viridis L. specie had the lowest geometric mean diameter and surface area, whereas Salvia cryptantha L. had the least values among these 6 Salvia species for these properties. The bulk density, true density and the porosity were between 296.83 and 702.80 kg m-3, 285.69 and 718.08 kg m-3, 10.27 and 44.05%, respectively. The volume of unit seed and sphericity ranged between 2.56 and 13.64 mm3, 62.90 and 90.40%, respectively. The coefficient of friction of salvia species were largely influenced by the friction surfaces studied, and highest values were found for polywood in the Salvia crytantha L.. In the study, the static friction coefficient and the angle of repose of salvia species changed from 0.477 to 0.955, and from 14.09 to 23.57°, respectively. Conclusion: Determination of geometric, volumetric, colour and frictional properties of Salvia spp. seeds may increase their economic value

THE ANTIFUNGAL AND PHYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PLANT EXTRACTS OF SALVIA VIRGATA JACQ

WOS: 000467668200062This study was conducted in order to investigate the phytotoxic and antifungal activity of the methanol and n-hexane extracts obtained from the surface parts of the Salvia virgata Jacq. plant collected in Kirsehir province. In the experiments, S. virgata extracts were prepared and used in 125, 250, 500, 1000 ppm doses. The seeds of Lactuca sativa L., Lepidium sativum L., and Triticum vulgare L., plants were placed as 25 seeds for each of Petri dishes with a 9-cm diameter, which two layers of filter paper were placed, and it was humidified thoroughly for control purpose with distilled water and plant extracts (125, 250, 500, 1000 ppm) and then they were left for incubation for 3 weeks at 24 degrees C +/- 1 conditions. At the end of the period, the germination percentages, root-shoot developments and wet and dry weights of the seeds were determined. In the antifungal studies, the plant methanol and hexane extracts were added to the PDA environments prepared in the way for their final concentration to be 125, 250, 500, 1000 ppm doses. In the study, Thiram (80%) fungicide was used as the negative control (only PDA) and positive control. The extract and Thiram-added PDA were transferred to the petri dishes with 60-mm diameter. The mycelium of the pathogens was transferred to these petri dishes and left to incubation for 7 days. According to the trial results, the seed germinations of the S. virgata methanol and n-hexane extracts inhibited garden cress, wheat, and lettuce at the rate of 79.45%, 18.67%, 88.57%, and 78.08%, 82.86%, 100%, respectively. The mycelium developments of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, Alternaria solani (Ell. And G. Martin) Fusarium oxysporum f sp radicis lycopersici, and Verticillium dahliae pathogens were inhibited by 1000 ppm dose of methanol and n-hexane extracts; 0%, 28.17%, 38.77%, 0% and 2.43%, 36.04%, 37.0%, and 72.22%

PHYTOTOXIC AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES OF THYME, BILBERRY, SAGE ESSENTIAL OILS

WOS: 000444528000045This study was conducted to determine the antifungal and the phytotoxic activity of Vaccinium myrtillus L., Thymbra spicata L., Salvia officinalis L. plant essential oils.In this context,the antifungal activity of plant essential oilsat 0 (Control), 1, 3, 5, 10 mu L/petri dish dose son Pyrenophora graminea plant pathogenesis and their phytotoxic effects on Lepidum sativum L., Triticum aestivum L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., Amaranthus retroflexus L.were tested by using 0 (Control), 0.5, 1, 1.5, 5, 10 mu L/petri dish doses. The essential oils were applied by impregnation with a micropipette on filter paper adhered to the covers of petri dishes in antifungal and phytotoxic studies. As a result of experiments conducted, the plant essential oils were found to be highly phytotoxic on seedling germination and seedling growth of L. sativum L., Triticum aestivum L., Phaseolus. vulgaris L., A. retroflexus L. Similarly, it is suggested that plant essential oils inhibit the mycelial growth of P. graminea compared to the control. The LD10, LD50 and LD90 values of V. myrtillus, T spicata L., S. officinalis essential oil calculated for P. graminea. Essential oils used in the experiment are predicted to be an alternative to synthetic pesticides in control of diseases and weeds

ANTIFUNGAL POTENTIAL OF ESSENTIAL OILS OF SALVIA OFFICINALIS AND SALVIA TOMENTOSA PLANTS ON SIX DIFFERENT ISOLATES OF ASCOCHYTA RABIEI (PASS.) LABR.

WOS: 000463297500066This study was conducted to determine the antifungal activity of the essential oils of the Salvia officinalis and Salvia tomentosa plants on Ascochyta rabiei (Chickpea blight) which is an important chickpea disease. As a result of the study, S. officinalis and S. tomentosa plant essential oils were applied to the isolates of A. rabiei at the doses of 0 (Control), 1, 2, 4, 8, 10 mu L petri(-1). Essential oils are impregnated on the filter papers sticked to the petri dish with a micropipette at the application doses and the lids were immediately covered with a para-film and left to incubate at the temperature of 23 degrees C for 15 days. At the end of the 15-day incubation, the measurements of mycelium diameters of isolates in petri dishes were carried out with electronic calipers. As a result, S. officinalis essential oil inhibited mycelium growth of Isolate 2 and Isolate 3 by 100% at the dose of 10 mu L petri(-1). S. tomentosa essential oil inhibited the mycelium growth of Isolate 3, Isolate 4, Isolate 5, Isolate 6 by 100%. A difference was found in the responses of Anthracnose isolates to plant essential oils and to application doses. S. tomentosa was found to be more effective on the isolates. The findings indicate that both of these essential oils can be used as an alternative to synthetic fungicides in controlling the A. rabiei pathogen

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF SALVIA OFFICINALIS (L.), S. CRYPTANTHA (MONTBRET ET AUCHER EX BENTH.), S. TOMENTOSA (MILL.) PLANT ESSENTIAL OILS AND EXTRACTS

WOS: 000429081700043The essential oils from Salvia officinalis L., S. cryptantha (Montbret et Aucher ex Benth.) and S. tomentosa (Mill.) were extracted with hydrodistillation method and determined by using GC/MS analysis. This study investigated the in vitro effectiveness of essential oils and extracts of S. officinalis, S. cryptantha and S. tomentosa (collected from Tokat province) against eight fungal plant pathogens. Sterile PDA was prepared and then cooled to 40 degrees C, after which the plant essential oils and/or extract were added. PDA without extract was used as negative control, while PDA with a Propineb-containing fungicide was used as positive control. According to the GC/MS analysis, the principal components of S. cryptantha, S. tomentosa and S. officinalis essential oils were determined as eucalyptol (27.64%), Camphor (29.87%), a-pinene (11.91%); beta-thujene (40-69%), borneol (1.79-10.90%), camphor (0.40-7.25%); 3-thujonene (31.95%), camphor (28.53%), eucalyptol (7.35%), respectively. Based on the current results, the plant essential oils and extracts were determined to have negative effects on plant pathogens fungi. These effects changed depending on the extract, the type of sage the essential oil/extract that was obtained, the dose of essential oil or extract, and the fungus species.Gaziosmanpasa University Department of Scientific Research Projects [2011/100]We thank to the Gaziosmanpasa University Department of Scientific Research Projects which supported this study which is a part of 2011/100 numbered doctoral thesis financially

Chemical Composition and Antifungal Effects of Vitex agnus-castus L. and Myrtus communis L. Plants

WOS: 000390832800020The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of essential plant oils from Vitex agnus-cactus L. (VAC) and Myrtus communzs L. against the plant pathogens, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (Sacc.) W.C. Synder & H.N. Hans, Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kuhn., Sderotznia sclerodorum (Lib.) de Bary and Verticillium dahliae Kleb., and to determine the chemical composition of the compounds in these essential oils. GC/MS analysis was identified 25 different compounds in VAC essential oil, while the main compounds were determined as Eucalyptol (17.75%), beta-Caryophyllene (13.21%) and Spathulenol (10.41%). On the other hand, the essential oil of M. communis, consisted of 16 different compounds which were Eucalyptol (49.15%), Myrtenol (19.49%) and alpha-Pinene (8.38%) being its main compounds. An assessment of antifungal activity was performed under in vitro conditions. Plant pathogens were inoculated onto Petri dishes (60 mm) containing PDA medium (10 mL/Petri(-1)), and plant essential oils were applied at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 5 and 10 (mu L/Petri(-1)) into the 5 mm diameter wells opened on the Petri dish surface. After that, the Petri dishes incubated at 22 +/- 2 degrees C. The results of this study, the essential oil of M communis, at a dose of 10 mu L/ Petri, inhibited the 100% mycelium growth of V. dahliae, S. sderotiorum and R. solani. The highest dose of VAC essential oil was also 100% inhibited V. dahliae and S. sderotiorum. The LC50 and LC90 values of M communzs and VAC essential oil calculated for V. dahliae, FORL, S. sderodorum and R. solani. This plant extracts were shown by in vitro conditions to be potential antifungal agents

Determination of the Essential Oil Composition and the Antifungal Activities of Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) and Bay Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.)

WOS: 000432900400024This study aimed to determine the composition andthe antifungal activity of the essential oils of Vaccinium myrtillus and Laurus nobilis plants. In the study, 22 components were identified in the essential oil of V myrtillus, which represented 100 % of the total essential oils. Accordingly, 1,8-cineole (41.07 %), beta-Linalool (12.72 %), alpha-Pinene (12.17 %) and Myrtenol (6.48%) were determined as the main components of the essential oil of V. myrtillus. The essential oil of L. nobilis consisted of 39 compounds and 1,8-cineole (50.68 %), alpha-Terpinyl acetate (14.19 %), 4-Terpinenol (4.07 %) and alpha-Terpineol (2.90 %) were determined as the main components, which represented 100 %of the total essential oils. In the trials, doses of 0 (control) 1, 2, 4, 8 and 10 mu L/petri dish were used. V myrtillus essential oil inhibited mycelial growth in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.), Alternaria solani, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (Sacc.) W.C. Synder & H.N. Hans (FORL) and and Verticillium dahliae Kleb by 61.38 %, 100 %, 80.36 % and 57.91 % respectively. Bay laurel essential oil at 10 mu L/petri dish dose inhibited the mycelial growth of A. solani, S. sclerotiorum, (FORL) by 100 %, whereas it inhibited the mycelial growth in V dahliae by 61.23 %. Study results showed that V myrtillus and L. nobilis essential oils have strong antifungal activities

Some physical, chemical, and germination properties of Peganum harmala L. seeds

In this study, the aim was to determine some physical and chemical properties of the seeds of Peganum harmala, known as rue or harmel, and to determine the effects of some implementations to break the seed dormancy. The mean length, width, thickness, and surface area values for the P. harmala seeds were 4.78 mm, 1.81 mm, 1.53 mm, and 14.14 mm(2), respectively. Linked to the dimensions, the arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, and sphericity values were calculated as 2.71 mm, 2.34 mm, and 0.50. The bulk density and true density values were measured as 0.5379 and 1.015 g cm(-3), respectively, and the porosity value calculated linked to these values was 46.98%. The static friction angles on two different surfaces of galvanized metal and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were measured as 15.67 degrees and 17.67 degrees, and the static friction coefficient values linked to these angles were 0.28 for galvanized metal and 0.32 for PVC. Terminal velocity experiments determined the velocity for P. harmala seeds was 5.03 ms(-1). According to analysis results for the chemical structure of P. harmala, dry matter ratio was 89.7%, crude ash ratio was 11.0%, crude protein was 10.3%, crude fiber was 42.0%, and crude oil ratio was 10.8%. In seed dormancy studies, the effects of sulfuric acid, precooling, soaking in water, and mechanical scarification (sanding) applications were determined. Accordingly, the most effective method for germination of P. harmala seeds was sanding with 84.0% germination rate. This was followed by soaking in water (78.0%) and 5 min H2SO4 (75.0%) applications. Practical Applications Turkey is a country with a current account deficit in the seed import-export balance. Therefore, the efficient use of seeds in each step of farming and postharvest operations is essential to reduce the seed waste. Determining the engineering properties of seeds will help to provide more efficient systems. The physical properties of seeds are important to design, develop, and adjustment of planters, storage structures, transporting systems, and postharvest systems. Chemical properties are essential to determine the optimum storage conditions and postharvest chemical processes for optimum utilization of seeds as foods or as raw materials for medicinal and industrial purposes. Seed dormancy-breaking features will be useful to determine optimum presowing conditions and breeding conditions of the seeds

Disappearance of Biodiversity and Future of Our Foods

“I. Uluslararası Organik Tarım ve Biyoçeşitlilik Sempozyumu 27-29 Eylül Bayburt