An example of secondary fault activity along the North Anatolian Fault on the NE Marmara Sea Shelf, NW Turkey

Seismic data on the NE Marmara Sea Shelf indicate that a NNE-SSW-oriented buried basin and ridge system exist on the sub-marine extension of the Paleozoic Rocks delimited by the northern segment of the North Anatolian Fault (NS-NAF), while seismic and multi-beam bathymetric data imply that four NW-SE-oriented strike-slip faults also exist on the shelf area. Seismic data indicate that NW-SE-oriented strike-slip faults are the youngest structures that dissect the basin-ridge system. One of the NW-SE-oriented faults (F1) is aligned with a rupture of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) cutting the northern slope of the Cinarcik Basin. This observation indicates that these faults have similar characteristics with the NS-NAF along the Marmara Sea. Therefore, they may have a secondary relation to the NAF since the principle deformation zone of the NAF follows the Marmara Trough in that region. The seismic energy recorded on these secondary faults is much less than that on the NAF in the Marmara Sea. These faults may, however, produce a large earthquake in the long term

Palaeozoic-Recent geological development and uplift of the Amanos Mountains (S Turkey) in the critically located northwesternmost corner of the Arabian continent

<p>We have carried out a several-year-long study of the Amanos Mountains, on the basis of which we present new sedimentary and structural evidence, which we combine with existing data, to produce the first comprehensive synthesis in the regional geological setting. The ca. N-S-trending Amanos Mountains are located at the northwesternmost edge of the Arabian plate, near the intersection of the African and Eurasian plates. Mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments accumulated on the north-Gondwana margin during the Palaeozoic. Triassic rift-related sedimentation was followed by platform carbonate deposition during Jurassic-Cretaceous. Late Cretaceous was characterised by platform collapse and southward emplacement of melanges and a supra-subduction zone ophiolite. Latest Cretaceous transgressive shallow-water carbonates gave way to deeper-water deposits during Palaeocene-Eocene. Eocene southward compression, reflecting initial collision, resulted in open folding, reverse faulting and duplexing. Fluvial, lagoonal and shallow-marine carbonates accumulated during Late Oligocene(?)-Early Miocene, associated with basaltic magmatism. Intensifying collision during Mid-Miocene initiated a foreland basin that then infilled with deep-water siliciclastic gravity flows. Late Miocene-Early Pliocene compression created mountain-sized folds and thrusts, verging E in the north but SE in the south. The resulting surface uplift triggered deposition of huge alluvial outwash fans in the west. Smaller alluvial fans formed along both mountain flanks during the Pleistocene after major surface uplift ended. Pliocene-Pleistocene alluvium was tilted towards the mountain front in the west. Strike-slip/transtension along the East Anatolian Transform Fault and localised sub-horizontal Quaternary basaltic volcanism in the region reflect regional transtension during Late Pliocene-Pleistocene (<4 Ma).</p

Influenza vaccination frequency and associated factors among elderly population, a descriptive study [Yaşlilarda grip aşisi sikliği ve ilişkili faktörler, tanimlayici bir çalişma]

Introduction: Influenza vaccination is the most effective method of preventing influenza infection in elderly, reducing complications, hospitalizations and mortality rates due to influenza. This study aimed to assess the frequency of influenza vaccination, attitude about the vaccine, and reasons why not getting vaccinated in individuals aged >65 years. Materials and Method: In total, 598 participants aged >65 years were enrolled in this descriptive study, and data were collected via a face-to-face survey. Results: In total, 22% of the 598 participants received the influenza vaccine. The top three reasons for not seeking vaccination were not knowing about the influenza vaccine (45.2%), feeling of no need to get vaccinated (21.2%), and not believing in the influenza vaccine’s effectiveness (10.9%). Participants who had chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, heart failure, and ischemic heart disease were vaccinated more than participants who had other comorbidities. Among participants, advice from their physician was noted as an effective means for prompting vaccination (OR, 20.34; 95% CI, 10.17–40.70). Conclusion: We evaluated the reasons associated with the low influenza vaccination frequency among the elderly. Informing the elderly of the benefits of receiving the influenza vaccine should be encouraged. Communication between healthcare providers and people aged >65 years is essential for improving vaccination frequency. © 2018, Geriatrics Society. All rights reserved

Acil sağlık çalışanlarında işe bağlı gerginlik, stresle başa çıkma yollarını kullanma durumu ve etkileyen faktörler

Objective: The purpose of the study is to determine work-related tension, using the methods of overcoming the stress and the affecting factors in emergency staff Material and Methods: The universe of the study in descriptive type is consisted of health team members in institutions rendering emergency health service belong to public sector in Turkey. Turkey was divided into 4 clusters (east, west, south and north) by taking the geographical settlement areas into consideration and a province was selected from each cluster in random. The number of people within the scope of the research is 769 and 560 people was reached (response rate is 72.82%). Approval of ethical committee and written permissions were acquired from the related institutions before the research. There are questions including the demographic characteristics of the participants and their opinions on the job in first section of the form in which data were gathered, and “Work-Related Tension Scale-WRTS” in the second section, and “Overcoming the Stress Scale-OSS” in the third section. The data were recorded in statistical program. The averages were given with standard deviations and p<0.05 was accepted as meaningful. Frequency analysis was carried out in the evaluation of the data and, Mann Whitney U test, Kruskall Wallis test and Spearman Correlation Analysis were implemented. Results: Average of age of the participants was 29.71±7.92 years. WRTS point average was 49.80±5.92 and was found high in young people, having low education level, in emergency medical technicians (EMT), the ones working on contract, having negative point of view against the occupation (p<0.05). OSS point average of the participants was 56.56±11.23. Conclusion: It was detected that WRTS point average in the participants was over scale point average and OSS point average was under scale point average. In health personnel rendering emergency service; service and training studies that will increase the level of using overcoming the stress methods, decrease the work-related tension and improve affecting factors should be given priority. © 2016 by Türkiye Klinikleri

Permo-Carboniferous granitoids with Jurassic high temperature metamorphism in Central Pontides, Northern Turkey

In the northern part of the Central Pontides (N Turkey) there are different metamorphic rocks exposed, notably the Devrekani metamorphic rocks. Here, upper amphibolite-lower granulite facies metamorphic rocks contain predominantly paragneiss, orthogneiss and metacarbonate, and to a lesser extent, amphibolite and quartzite, with cross-cutting aplite, pegmatite and granite veins. This is the first report of these rocks and includes new data on the petrochemistry, geochronology and metamorphic evolution of the Devrekani orthogneisses from the Central Pontides. The orthogneisses show five different mineral parageneses with the characteristic mineral assemblage quartz + K-feldspar + plagioclase + biotite ± hornblende ± opaque (± ilmenite and ± magnetite), and accessory minerals (zircon, sphene and apatite). These metamorphic rocks exhibit generally granoblastic, lepidogranoblastic and nematolepidogranoblastic with locally migmatitic and relic micrographic textures. They have well-developed centimeter-spaced gneissic banding and display gneissose structure with symmetric, asymmetric and irregular folds. The petrographic features, mineralogical assemblages and weak migmatization reflect high temperature conditions. Thermometric calculations in the orthogneisses indicate metamorphic temperatures reached 744 ± 33 °C. Field relations, petrography and petrochemistry suggest that the orthogneisses have predominantly granodioritic and some granitic protoliths, that show features of I-type, medium to high-potassic calc-alkaline volcanic arc granitoids. The orthogneisses have high contents of LILEs and low contents of HFSEs with negative Nb and Ti anomalies, which are typical of subduction-related magmas. The orthogneisses also show significant LREE enrichment relative to HREE with negative Eu anomalies (EuN/Eu* = 0.33–1.07) with LaN/LuN = 6.98–20.47 values. Based on U-Pb zircon dating data, the protoliths are related to Permo-Carboniferous (316–252 Ma) magmatism. It is likely that peak metamorphism took place during the Jurassic as reflected by the U-Pb zircon ages (199–158 Ma) and also 40Ar/39Ar from hornblende/biotite (163–152 Ma). The four biotite 40Ar/39Ar average ages from the rock samples are ca. 156 Ma, suggesting that the metamorphic rocks cooled to 350–400 °C at ca. 156 Ma. Conclusively, the Devrekani metamorphic rocks can be ascribed as products of Permo-Carboniferous continental arc magmatism overprinted by Jurassic metamorphism in the northern Central Pontides

Miocene formations and NE-trending right-lateral strike–slip tectonism in Thrace, northwest Turkey: geodynamic implications

In the Thrace Peninsula, Neogene units were deposited in two areas, the Enez Basin in the south and the Thrace Basin in the north. In the southwesternmost part of the peninsula, upper lowerlower upper Miocene continental to shallow marine clastics of the Enez Formation formed under the influence of the Aegean extensional regime. During the last stage of the transpressional activity of the NW-trending right-lateral strikeslip BalkanThrace Fault, which had controlled the initial early middle Eocene deposition in the Thrace Basin, a mountainous region extending from Bulgaria eastwards to the northern Thrace Peninsula of Turkey developed. A river system carried erosional clasts of the metamorphic basement southwards into the limnic depositional areas of the Thrace Basin during middle Miocene time. Deposition of fluvial, lacustrine, and terrestrial strata of the Ergene Formation, which conformably and transitionally overlie the Enez Formation, began in the late middle Miocene in the southwest part and in the late Miocene in the north-northeast part of the basin. Activity along the NE-trending right-lateral strikeslip faults (the XanthiThrace Fault Zone) extending from northeast Greece northeastwards through the Thrace Peninsula of Turkey to the southern shelf of the western Black Sea Basin began during the middle Miocene in the northern Aegean, at the beginning of the late Miocene in the southwest part, and at the end of the late Miocene in the northeast part of the Thrace region. Although the Neogene deposits in the Thrace Basin were evaluated as the products of a northerly fault, our data indicate that the NW-trending northerly fault zone became effective only during the initial stage of the basin development. The later stage deposition in the basin was controlled by the NE-trending XanthiThrace Fault Zone, and the deposits of this basin progressively evolved north/northeastwards during the late Miocene. During the late early Miocenelate Miocene interval, extension within the Thrace region was part of the more regional Aegean extensional realm, but from latest Miocene time, it has been largely decoupled from the Aegean extensional realm to the south