Recent Advancement of Sustainable and Renewable Energy in Osmotic Power Generation

Investment in clean energy is demand in this century due to abundance of CO2 accumulation in the world to cause several environmental issues. Therefore, harvesting clean energy may assist in reducing carbon footprint in the world to create a green environment for sustainable living. The salinity gradient energy is one of the clean energies with the concept of mixing both salt concentration water from the ocean and fresh water from the river to create an osmotic pressure to power-up the generator for the production of electrical energy. Salinity different between the oceanic salt water and fresh water could produce an equilibrium osmotic pressure that achieve up to 27 bars equivalent from resulting pressure under the water for 200 to 300 meters. The potential of the power production through osmosis power generator is capture at the value of 2000 TWh per year, where in 2018 the world energy consumption was growing 2.3%, in which twice the number compare to the average rate of the growth. The major energy consumption is contributed from fossil fuel and consequently resulted from emissions of CO2 increased to 33.1 Gt to the atmosphere. This work explained the advantage of using salinity gradient energy and the fundamental principle of blue energy from pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO). Thus, the osmotic power by using different salinity gradient to create energy is widely known as blue energy, in which it is green and sustainable to produce electricity to the local communities

Impact of opioid-free analgesia on pain severity and patient satisfaction after discharge from surgery: multispecialty, prospective cohort study in 25 countries

Background: Balancing opioid stewardship and the need for adequate analgesia following discharge after surgery is challenging. This study aimed to compare the outcomes for patients discharged with opioid versus opioid-free analgesia after common surgical procedures.Methods: This international, multicentre, prospective cohort study collected data from patients undergoing common acute and elective general surgical, urological, gynaecological, and orthopaedic procedures. The primary outcomes were patient-reported time in severe pain measured on a numerical analogue scale from 0 to 100% and patient-reported satisfaction with pain relief during the first week following discharge. Data were collected by in-hospital chart review and patient telephone interview 1 week after discharge.Results: The study recruited 4273 patients from 144 centres in 25 countries; 1311 patients (30.7%) were prescribed opioid analgesia at discharge. Patients reported being in severe pain for 10 (i.q.r. 1-30)% of the first week after discharge and rated satisfaction with analgesia as 90 (i.q.r. 80-100) of 100. After adjustment for confounders, opioid analgesia on discharge was independently associated with increased pain severity (risk ratio 1.52, 95% c.i. 1.31 to 1.76; P < 0.001) and re-presentation to healthcare providers owing to side-effects of medication (OR 2.38, 95% c.i. 1.36 to 4.17; P = 0.004), but not with satisfaction with analgesia (beta coefficient 0.92, 95% c.i. -1.52 to 3.36; P = 0.468) compared with opioid-free analgesia. Although opioid prescribing varied greatly between high-income and low- and middle-income countries, patient-reported outcomes did not.Conclusion: Opioid analgesia prescription on surgical discharge is associated with a higher risk of re-presentation owing to side-effects of medication and increased patient-reported pain, but not with changes in patient-reported satisfaction. Opioid-free discharge analgesia should be adopted routinely

Lipid extraction from thermal Fenton reaction in hybrid liquid biphasic system for biofuel and rubber bio-additive compounds

This thesis is focusing on utilization of lipid compound and exploring the extraction method for producing lipid compound in which could be used in biofuel and synthetic rubber polymer. The existing extraction technology which is energy intensive, high investment cost on equipment and multistep procedure in which reduced the efficiency of the overall production process. Besides, the cultivation process incorporating artificial intelligent for rapid detection and used of sustainable medium from waste materials (waste molasses) and less depend on chemical based of salt. The chlorella sp. of microalgae has been selected with high lipid contain (Chlorella sorokiniana CY-1) and rough survivability strain (Chlorella vulgaris FSP-E). The objective of the study is to develop a sustainable system for large scale production of lipid compound from microalgae and exploring the application from the lipid derived of fatty acids compound. Hybrid liquid biphasic system (HLBS) has been developed from this study for suiting in large scale of lipid production in 83.5% of lipid recovery from microalgae biomass. The HLBS has included the disruptive and extractive properties in a single system, where it has been reduced the overall process duration more than 30%. Furthermore, the system has been exploring for biofuel production and combining with a non-catalytic transesterification method. The yield of F.A.M.E C4, C6, and C10 at 8.2 mg/g, 0.33 mg/g and 0.24 mg/g respectively, the duration of the transesterification for biofuel production at 4 min for a batch with lipid to methanol ratio 1:6 pulse at 0.8 in a single step process. The analysis of the cultivation medium for microalgae has been incorporated by artificial intelligent (K-NN algorithm) from photo-to-properties by using waste molasses as medium with 1206.43 mg/L of dry cell weight, protein content improved for 20.6%, while the Ai algorithm assisted to reduce the dependency of analysis from spectrophotometer. In conjunction, the lipid compound was found to be incorporated with metal ions as promising cross-linking compound for synthetic polymer - carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber, (XNBR) improved stability of the sulphur-less linker compound L-MBL at 10.85% and raise the tensile strength 8.71% (27.55 MPa) higher than Sulphur based of linker. Last but not least, the content has been highlighted the research achievement and future opportunities from current techniques and technology that developed

Lipid extraction from thermal Fenton reaction in hybrid liquid biphasic system for biofuel and rubber bio-additive compounds

This thesis is focusing on utilization of lipid compound and exploring the extraction method for producing lipid compound in which could be used in biofuel and synthetic rubber polymer. The existing extraction technology which is energy intensive, high investment cost on equipment and multistep procedure in which reduced the efficiency of the overall production process. Besides, the cultivation process incorporating artificial intelligent for rapid detection and used of sustainable medium from waste materials (waste molasses) and less depend on chemical based of salt. The chlorella sp. of microalgae has been selected with high lipid contain (Chlorella sorokiniana CY-1) and rough survivability strain (Chlorella vulgaris FSP-E). The objective of the study is to develop a sustainable system for large scale production of lipid compound from microalgae and exploring the application from the lipid derived of fatty acids compound. Hybrid liquid biphasic system (HLBS) has been developed from this study for suiting in large scale of lipid production in 83.5% of lipid recovery from microalgae biomass. The HLBS has included the disruptive and extractive properties in a single system, where it has been reduced the overall process duration more than 30%. Furthermore, the system has been exploring for biofuel production and combining with a non-catalytic transesterification method. The yield of F.A.M.E C4, C6, and C10 at 8.2 mg/g, 0.33 mg/g and 0.24 mg/g respectively, the duration of the transesterification for biofuel production at 4 min for a batch with lipid to methanol ratio 1:6 pulse at 0.8 in a single step process. The analysis of the cultivation medium for microalgae has been incorporated by artificial intelligent (K-NN algorithm) from photo-to-properties by using waste molasses as medium with 1206.43 mg/L of dry cell weight, protein content improved for 20.6%, while the Ai algorithm assisted to reduce the dependency of analysis from spectrophotometer. In conjunction, the lipid compound was found to be incorporated with metal ions as promising cross-linking compound for synthetic polymer - carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber, (XNBR) improved stability of the sulphur-less linker compound L-MBL at 10.85% and raise the tensile strength 8.71% (27.55 MPa) higher than Sulphur based of linker. Last but not least, the content has been highlighted the research achievement and future opportunities from current techniques and technology that developed

Resonance metallic ureteric stent in a case of ketamine bladder induced bilateral ureteric obstruction with one year follow up

Introduction: Upper urinary tract occlusion is well recognized in patients with chronic ketamine abuse. The mechanism is generally unknown, but the ulcerative cystitis contracture may be responsible for obstruction. We present the first reported use of the Resonance metallic ureteric stent in the management ureteric obstruction caused by ketamine-induced uropathy. Presentation of case: A 31-year-old lady with one-year history of recreational ketamine abuse presented with symptoms related to drug-induced ulcerative cystitis over twelve-months. She presented with acute renal failure with bilateral pyonephrosis and sepsis, and was initially treated with bilateral nephrostomy insertions and antegrade stenting. The J stents recovered the renal function, but the patient suffered from recurrent urinary tract infections (UTI’s) with the prosthesis in-situ. The patient successfully underwent bilateral insertion of 12 cm 6.0 French Cook Resonance metallic ureteric stents. One year following the placement of the metallic stents, the patient maintained optimal renal function with no episode of UTI. Discussion: Ketamine induced uropathy is a well documented complication of chronic drug-induced ulcerative cystitis. The mechanical strength and inert property of metallic ureteric stents make it an ideal device to manage this problematic benign cause of ureteric obstruction. Conclusion: This is the first reported case of therapeutic bilateral metallic ureteric stents in the management of patients with ketamine induced uropathy with one year follow up

Hybrid liquid biphasic system for cell disruption and simultaneous lipid extraction from microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana CY-1 for biofuel production

Background: The extraction of lipids from microalgae requires a pretreatment process to break the cell wall and subsequent extraction processes to obtain the lipids for biofuels production. The multistep operation tends to incur high costs and are energy intensive due to longer process operations. This research work applies the combination of radicals from hydrogen peroxide with an organic solvent as a chemical pretreatment method for disrupting the cell wall of microalgae and simultaneously extracting lipids from the biomass in a one-step biphasic solution. Result: Several parameters which can affect the biphasic system were analyzed: contact time, volume of solvent, volume ratio, type of organic solvent, biomass amount and concentration of solvents, to extract the highest amount of lipids from microalgae. The results were optimized and up to 83.5% of lipid recovery yield and 94.6% of enhancement was successfully achieved. The results obtain from GC-FID were similar to the analysis of triglyceride lipid standard. Conclusion: The profound hybrid biphasic system shows great potential to radically disrupt the cell wall of microalgae and instantaneously extract lipids in a single-step approach. The lipids extracted were tested to for its comparability to biodiesel performance. © 2019 The Author(s)

Potential cultivation of lactobacillus pentosus from human breastmilk with rapid monitoring through the spectrophotometer method

The present study focused on the development of a new method to determine the lag phase of Lactobacillus in breast milk which was attained during the 1st, 3rd, and 6th month (M1, M3, and M6). The colonies' phylogenetic analysis, derived from the 16S rRNA gene sequences, was evaluated with genus Lactobacillus pentosus and achieved a similarity value of 99%. Raman spectroscopy in optical densities of 600 nm (OD600) were used for six consecutive days to observe the changes of the cell growth rate. The values of OD600 were well fitted with the regression model. From this work, M1 was found to be the longest lag phase in 18 h, and it was 17% to 27% longer compared to M3 and M6, respectively. However, the samples of M3 and M6 showed the shortest duration in reaching 0.5 of OD600 nm (16 h) which was enhanced by 80% and 96% compared to M1, respectively. These studies will be of significance when applied in determining the bacteria growth curve and in assessing the growth behavior for the strain in human breast milk