170 research outputs found
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FDA and Social Media: The Impact of Social Media on Prescription Drug Advertising
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates the promotion of prescription drugs. With the emergence of Web 2.0 technology and social media, the FDA faces new regulatory challenges as pharmaceutical companies have started to use social media tools to market prescription drugs to consumers. This paper first explores the history of social media, its use by the FDA, and its growing use by the pharmaceutical industry. The paper then discusses some of the actions that the agency has taken to respond to the industry’s use of social media. Lastly, the paper takes a look at the FDA’s repeated delays in issuing social media guidance, and discusses some of the “social media guidance” that pharmaceutical companies have received from other individuals and groups
Applied Technologies and Prospects of Conformance Control Treatments in China
China is the largest user of chemical-based conformance control treatments and a series of technologies have been successfully developed and deployed in recent years. This paper first shows the milestones of development and application of conformance control technologies in China. Then integrated conformance control technologies are reviewed followed by the lessons we have learned, and then a few major specific conformance control technologies are addressed, including tracer injection and channels explanation, potentiometric testing to identify areal sweep efficiency, Pressure Index (PI) decisionmaking technology to select well candidate, complementary decision-making technology to select well candidate and design application parameters, and major chemicals for in-depth fluid diversion technologies. In addition, this paper also describes the principles and applications of some promising technologies of combined chemical-based conformance treatment with other EOR/IOR process, including the combination technology of surfactant and water shutoff, profile control and mini-scale surfactant flooding, acid treatment and profile control treatment. Finally, this paper summarizes the problems and challenges faced by mature water flooded oilfields in China. Based on recent well tests, tracer testing and interpretation, and previous water control treatment experience, it appears that channels or high permeability streaks are common in mature water flooded oilfields. Some research directions and promising technologies are suggested
Continuous and complete conversion of high concentration p-nitrophenol in a flow-through membrane reactor
Here, we report on a green and effective method for the continuous and complete conversion of high concentrations of p-nitrophenol (PNP) using a flow-through membrane reactor and less NaBH4. The catalytic membrane was successfully fabricated by loading Pd nanoparticles onto the surface of a branched TiO2 nanorod-functionalized ceramic membrane. The modification with branched TiO2 nanorods can significantly improve the loading amount of Pd nanoparticles onto ceramic membranes, resulting in enhanced catalytic performance. With 6 mg of Pd, 93 L m−2 hr−1 of flux density and 8.04 cm2 of membrane surface area in the flow-through membrane reactor, PNP at a concentration of 4,000 ppm can be converted to high-value p-aminophenol using less NaBH4 (using a molar ratio of NaBH4:PNP of 9.6) within 24 s at 30°C. More importantly, the conversion can be continuously and stably performed for 240 min
Assessing r2SCAN meta-GGA functional for structural parameters, cohesive energy, mechanical modulus and thermophysical properties of 3d, 4d and 5d transition metals
The recent development of the accurate and efficient semilocal density
functionals on the third rung of Jacob's ladder of density functional theory
such as the revised regularized strongly constrained and appropriately normed
(r2SCAN) density functional could enable the rapid and highly reliable
prediction of the elasticity and temperature dependence of thermophysical
parameters of refractory elements and their intermetallic compounds using
quasi-harmonic approximation (QHA). Here, we present a comparative evaluation
of the equilibrium cell volumes, cohesive energy, mechanical moduli, and
thermophysical properties (Debye temperature and thermal expansion coefficient)
for 22 transition metals using semilocal density functionals, including local
density approximation (LDA), the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) and PBEsol
generalized gradient approximations (GGA), and the r2SCAN meta-GGA. PBEsol and
r2SCAN deliver the same level of accuracies for structural, mechanical and
thermophysical properties. Otherwise, PBE and r2SCAN perform better than LDA
and PBEsol for calculating cohesive energies of transition metals. Among the
tested density functionals, r2SCAN provides an overall well-balanced
performance for reliably computing the cell volumes, cohesive energies,
mechanical properties, and thermophysical properties of various 3d, 4d, and 5d
transition metals using QHA. Therefore, we recommend that r2SCAN could be
employed as a workhorse method to evaluate the thermophysical properties of
transition metal compounds and alloys in the high throughput workflows
Environmentally vulnerable or sensitive groups exhibiting varying concerns towards air pollution can drive government response to improve air quality
Air pollution seriously threatens human health, and its consequences are particularly prevalent among environmentally vulnerable or sensitive groups. However, whether the concerns among these groups are different and how they affect air pollution governance remain unclear. Here, we extract 3.8 million haze-related posts from China’s Sina Weibo and analyse the concerns raised by these groups by constructing an air pollution notability index. The results show that protection is the key theme for women aged 20-35 years, while elderly individuals are easily influenced by haze-related product ads yet lack awareness of scientific-based protection. Concerns shared by young individuals are more effective in pressuring the government in cities that experience higher levels of pollution. Concerns shared by women are more effective in cities that experience lower levels of pollution. This study evidences the influence of the public concerns conveyed via social media on air pollution governance in China
The transcriptional characteristics of NADC34-like PRRSV in porcine alveolar macrophages
The widespread and endemic circulation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) cause persistent financial losses to the swine industry worldwide. In 2017, NADC34-like PRRSV-2 emerged in northeastern China and spread rapidly. The dynamics analysis of immune perturbations associated with novel PRRSV lineage is still incomplete. This study performed a time-course transcriptome sequencing of NADC34-like PRRSV strain YC-2020-infected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and compared them with JXA1-infected PAMs. The results illustrated dramatic changes in the host’s differentially expressed genes (DEGs) presented at different timepoints after PRRSV infection, and the expression profile of YC-2020 group is distinct from that of JXA1 group. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the expression of many inflammatory cytokines was up-regulated following YC-2020 infection but at a significantly lower magnitude than JXA1 group, in line with the trends for most interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and their regulators. Meanwhile, numerous components of histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and phagosome presented a stronger transcription suppression after the YC-2020 infection. All results imply that YC-2020 may induce milder inflammatory responses, weaker antiviral processes, and more severe disturbance of antigen processing and presentation compared with HP-PRRSV. Additionally, LAPTM4A, GLMP, and LITAF, which were selected from weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), could significantly inhibit PRRSV proliferation. This study provides fundamental data for understanding the biological characteristics of NADC34-like PRRSV and new insights into PRRSV evolution and prevention
Descope of the ALIA mission
The present work reports on a feasibility study commissioned by the Chinese
Academy of Sciences of China to explore various possible mission options to
detect gravitational waves in space alternative to that of the eLISA/LISA
mission concept. Based on the relative merits assigned to science and
technological viability, a few representative mission options descoped from the
ALIA mission are considered. A semi-analytic Monte Carlo simulation is carried
out to understand the cosmic black hole merger histories starting from
intermediate mass black holes at high redshift as well as the possible
scientific merits of the mission options considered in probing the light seed
black holes and their coevolution with galaxies in early Universe. The study
indicates that, by choosing the armlength of the interferometer to be three
million kilometers and shifting the sensitivity floor to around one-hundredth
Hz, together with a very moderate improvement on the position noise budget,
there are certain mission options capable of exploring light seed, intermediate
mass black hole binaries at high redshift that are not readily accessible to
eLISA/LISA, and yet the technological requirements seem to within reach in the
next few decades for China
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