Sex Differences in the Outcomes of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Children Presenting to the Emergency Department

Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) put children and adolescents at risk for short and long-term health risks. The purpose of this study was to evaluate sex differences in post-acute outcomes among children and adolescents presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) for mTBI. The study is a secondary analysis of a de-identified dataset which was drawn from a concurrent cohort, prospective, and longitudinal study design that included 8 to 16 year-old children with mTBI and a comparison group of children with mild orthopedic injuries (OI) not involving the head. Participants were recruited and completed an initial assessment during their initial visit to the ED. They returned for a post-acute assessment within two weeks of injury. Outcomes of interest included parent and child ratings of somatic and cognitive symptoms, and standardized tests of neurocognitive functioning and balance. Girls reported a significantly larger increase in somatic symptoms post-mTBI than boys, using OI as a comparison group. In contrast, no significant sex differences were found for child ratings of cognitive symptoms, parent ratings of somatic or cognitive symptoms, neurocognitive functioning, or balance. The results suggest only limited sex differences in post-acute outcomes of mTBI in a pediatric ED population. The findings have potential implications for clinical and public health which include being used to guide implementation of policies related to pediatric injury prevention. Future research is needed to examine how rule and equipment changes can improve the sex differences found in somatic symptoms after mTBI

Substorms on Mercury?

Qualitative similarities between some of the variations in the Mercury encounter data and variations in the corresponding regions of the earth's magnetosphere during substorms are pointed out. The Mariner 10 data on Mercury show a strong interaction between the solar wind and the plant similar to a scaled down version of that for the earth's magnetosphere. Some of the features observed in the night side Mercury magnetosphere suggest time dependent processes occurring there

Optimal Foraging and Population Dynamics: An Archaeological Investigation at the Birch Creek Rockshelters, Idaho

This thesis aims to integrate the study of population change with the expectations of foraging models, and to test whether expectations resulting from integrating these two bodies of theory have greater predictive power than foraging models alone. To compare these models, I monitored prey age, butchery practice, and prey desirability in five prehistoric occupations of the Birch Creek rockshelters of Idaho. I modeled hunting pressure with a human population density estimate based on radiocarbon dates from Idaho archaeological sites, and modeled prey abundance with a model of historic effective moisture. Both models predicted younger prey, lower average prey desirability, and more intensive extraction of nutrients from prey when human hunting pressure is high and when prey are scarce. However, unlike the prey model, the Forager-resource Population Ecology (FPE) model predicts that similarly desirable prey with different reproductive rates should show different degrees of resilience to hunting pressure. Contrary to FPE model predictions, statistical analyses of the Birch Creek faunal materials did not indicate that human hunting pressure disproportionately stressed populations of slowly reproducing prey compared to quicker-reproducing prey. While the faunal specimens from Birch Creek provided a limited and flawed dataset, my results did not support the use of the FPE model

Local ciliate communities associated with aquatic macrophytes

This study, based within the catchment area of the River Frome, an important chalk stream in the south of England, compared ciliated protozoan communities associated with three species of aquatic macrophyte common to lotic habitats: Ranunculus penicillatus subsp. pseudofluitans, Nasturtium officinale and Sparganium emersum. A total of 77 ciliate species were counted. No species-specific ciliate assemblage was found to be typical of any one plant species. Ciliate abundance between plant species was determined to be significantly different. The ciliate communities from each plant species were unique in that the number of species increased with ciliate abundance. The community associated with R. penicillatus subsp. pseudofluitans showed the highest consistency and species richness whereas S. emersum ciliate communities were unstable. Most notably, N. officinale was associated with low ciliate abundances and an apparent reduction in biofilm formation, discussed herein in relation to the plant’s production of the microbial toxin phenethyl isothiocyanate. We propose that the results reflect differences in the quantity and quality of biofilm present on the plants, which could be determined by the different plant morphologies, patterns of plant decay and herbivore defense systems, all of which suppress or promote the various conditions for biofilm growth. [Int Microbiol 2014; 17(1):31-40]Keywords: Ranunculus · Nasturtium · toxin phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) · biofilms · macrophytes · ciliates · microbial biodiversit

Sulphur nutrition of pastures and crops Phosphorus and potassium nutrition of pastures on deep sands in the high rainfall areas

CONTENTS A. SULPHUR 1. Sources, rates, time of application of sulphur to legume pastures (high rainfall) - 80AL1, 80AL4, 80MA1, 80KE1. 2. Sulphur soil test on pastures (high rainfall) - 80AL12, 80AL13, 80AL14, 80BY2, 80KE2. 3. Sulphur rundown on sulphur absorbing soils of the high rainfall areas - 80BY1. 4. Sulphur requirements of pasture in low rainfall areas - 80JE17, 80M020. 5. Residual value of 1979 applied sulphur. Rates of fine gypsum applied 1980 - 79AL2, 79AL18, 79AL22, 79AL23, 79AL25, 79AL41, 78BA8 B, 79BY3, 79BY4, 79HA2, 79KE3, 79KE7, 79M020. 6. Sulphur requirements of wheat - 80JE16, 80M09. B. PHOSPHORUS 7. Sources, rates, time of application of phosphorus to legume pastures - 80AL2, 80AL5, 80AL15, 80MA2. C. POTASSIUM 8. Sources, rates, time of application of potassium to legume pastures - 80AL3, 80AL6, 80MA3. D. SLOW RELEASE P,S,K FERTILIZERS - 1979 TRIALS 9. Phosphorus sulphur and potassium slow release fertilizers on pastures 1980 results - 79AL1, 79KE2, 79MA2. E. APPENDIX P.R.D./Albany Regional Office PKS collaborative trials, sulphur results. (sulphur soil test on pastures) - 80AL44, 80AL46, 80AL47, 80AL72

The effects on plant growth

The level of acidity of a soil reflects its chemical and sometimes its biological condition. Changes in acidity mean changes in the availability to plants of some soil elements, and modifications to the biological processes in the soil. Some elements become more available to plants in acis soils, and in some soils particular elements can reach toxic levels. Other elements can be effected in the opposite way: deficiencies can develop in acid conditions. It is important to realise, however, that the chemical nature of all soils varies. Beccause of these variations, acidity can affect each soil differently and thus influence plant growth differently

Sulphur nutrition of pastures and crops, Phosphorus and potassium nutrition of high rainfall pastures on deep sands, Soil acidity - high rainfall pastures

A. SULPHUR - HIGH RAINFALL 1. Rates and time of application of superphosphate to pastures. 79AK2, 79AL23, 79AL25, 79AL41, 81BY1, 81KE1. 2. Sulphur soil test calibration on pastures. 79AL18, 80BY2, 80KE2. 3. Sulphur soil test calibration on pastures: Co-operative PKS soil test project on pastures on duplex soils of the east Albany area (PRD/ARO). Sulphur results. 80 AL44, 46, 47, 48, 72, 73 81AL51, 53, 55 4. Sulphur on adsorbing soils receiving no current S input. 80BY1., 80AL16. 5. Sources, rates, time of application of sulphur on pastures. 80AL1, 80AL4, 81AL3, 81AL4, 80KE1, 80MA1 B. SULPHUR - LOW RAINFALL 1. Sulphur on pastures. 80JE17, 80M020. 2. Sulphur on cereals 80JE16, 80M09. C. PHOSPHORUS 1. Sources, rates time of application of phosphorus on high rainfall pastures on deep sands. 79AL1, 80AL2, 80AL5, 80AL15, 81AL5, 81AL6, 81KE2, 79MA2, 80MA2, 81MA4. D. POTASSIUM 1. Sources, rates, time of application of potassium on high rainfall pastures on deep sand. 80AL3, 80AL6, 81AL7, 81AL8, 81MA3. E. SOIL ACIDITY 1. High rainfall soil pH survey - 2. Lime on old lan·d pastures (high 81AL10, 81ALll, 81AL12, 81AL13, Albany Region - Summary rainfall) 81AL14, 81AL15, 81AL16 3. Topdressed vs incorporated lime on new land acid peat. 81AL9 4. Lime on new land pastures: 1981 results from 1979-80 commenced trials by Albany Regional Office staff. 79AL14, 79AL16, 80AL50, 80AL51, 80AL52, 80AL53, 80AL54

Sulphur nutrition of pastures. Potassium nutrition of high rainfall pastures on deep sands

A. Sulphur - High Rainfall – 80AL1, 80AL4 (1980), 80AL4 B (established 1983). Sulphur rundown on heavy soils - 80BY1. Sources, rates, time of application of sulphur to pastures - 80AL1, 80AL4, 80AL4B. Sources, rates, time of application of sulphur to legume pastures – 80AL1, 80AL4, 80AL4B. Sulphur nutrition of pastures. 83PE36. B. Sulphur - Low Rainfall – 82AL9, 80JE16/17 82KA4. Sulphur on pastures - 80JE16/17, 82AL9, 82KA4. Sulphur on absorbing soils receiving no current S input – 80BY1. C. Potassium. Sources, rates, time of application of potassium on high rainfall deep sand pastures - 80AL3, 80AL6

Introduction to Field Line Helicity

Field line helicity measures the net linking of magnetic flux with a single magnetic field line. It offers a finer topological description than the usual global magnetic helicity integral, while still being invariant in an ideal evolution unless there is a flux of helicity through the domain boundary. In this chapter, we explore how to appropriately define field line helicity in different volumes in a way that preserves a meaningful topological interpretation. We also review the time evolution of field line helicity under both boundary motions and magnetic reconnection.Comment: 23 pages, 8 figures, to appear as chapter of AGU book "Helicities in Geophysics, Astrophysics and Beyond", published by Wiley, ISBN 111984168