Properties of agricultural mechanization of the Nevşehir province

Bu araştırmada, Nevşehir ilinin tarımsal mekanizasyon özelliklerine yer verilmiştir. Nevşehir ilinin istatistikselolarak traktör sayısı, biçerdöver sayısı, tarımsal alet-makine sayısı ve tarımsal mekanizasyon düzeyi göstergelerihesaplanarak özetlenmiştir. 2003 ve 2012 yılları verileri sırasıyla; ortalama traktör gücü 36.32 kW ve 36.11 kW,işlenen alana düşen traktör gücü 1.82 kW ha-1ve 1.74 kW ha-1, 1000 ha alana düsen traktör sayısı 50.28ve 48.39adet, 1000 ha alana düşen biçerdöver sayısı 1.23 ve 1.48 adet, bir traktöre düşen işlenen alan 19.88 ve 20.66 ha, birbiçerdövere düşen işlenen alan 811.66 ha ve 673.62 ha olarak belirlenmiştir.In this research, the properties of agricultural mechanization of the Nevsehir province were mentioned. The number of tractors, the number of combine harvester, the number of agricultural equipment-machines and calculated of the indicators of agricultural mechanization indicators in Nevsehir province was statistically summarized. In the data results in2003 and 2012 years, the average tractor power was determined as 36.32 kW and 36.11 kW, tractor power per cultivated area were 1.82 kW ha-1and 1.74 kW ha-1, the number of tractor per 1000 ha was 50.28 and 48.39 units, the number of combine harvester per 1000 ha were 1.23 and 1.48 units, cultivated area for each tractor was 19.88 and 20.66 ha, cultivated area for each combine harvester was 811.66 ha and 673.62 ha, respectively

Agricultural mechanization level of the Kırıkkale province

Bu araştırmada, Kırıkkale ilinin tarımsal mekanizasyon durumu incelenmiştir. Kırıkkale ilinin traktör sayısı, biçerdöver sayısı, tarım alet- ve makine sayıları istatistiki kaynaklara dayanılarak elde edilmiş ve, tarımsalmekanizasyon düzeyi göstergeleri hesaplanarak özetlenmiştir. 2003 ve 2012 yılları verileri sırasıyla; ortalamatraktör gücü 40.41 kW ve 36.74 kW, işlenen alana düşen traktör gücü 0.83 kW ha-1 ve 0.97 kW ha-1, 1000 haalana düşen traktör sayısı 20.55 adet ve 26.39 adet, 1000 ha alana düşen biçerdöver sayısı 1.36 adet ve 1.59 adet,bir traktöre düşen işlenen alan 48.65 ha ve 37.90 ha olarak belirlenmiştir.In this research, the situation of agricultural mechanization of the Kırıkkale Province was mentioned. The number of tractors, the number of combine harvester, agricultural equipment-machines and calculated of agricultural mechanization indicators in Kırıkkale province was statistically summarized. In the data results in 2003 and 2012 years, the average tractor power was determined as 40.41 kWand 36.74 kW, tractor power per cultivated area (ha) were 0.83 kW ha-1 and 0.97 kW ha-1, the number of tractor per 1000 ha 20.55 and 26.39, the number of combine harvester per 1000 ha 1.36 units and 1.59 units, cultivated area for each tractor was 48.65 ha, and 37.90 ha, respectively

Expanded polysttyrene styrofoam (EPS) ısı yalıtım malzemelerinde gözenekliliğin ısıl iletkenliğe etkisinin deneysel ve sayısal incelenmesi

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- Kırıkkale Üniversitesi89975

The study about numerical and experimental investigation how the effect of porosity through thermal conductivity in expanded polystyrene styrofoam (EPS) heat insulation materials

YÖK Tez ID: 344016Sürekli artan enerji kullanımı ve bu kullanım sırasında oluşan kayıpları önlemek açısından yalıtım uygulamaları kaçınılmaz bir hale gelmektedir. Özellikle enerji kayıplarının çok fazla olduğu yerler olan binalara uygulanacak yalıtım uygulamalarında düşük ısıl iletkenlik, yüksek mukavemet ve kolay uygulanabilirliği açısından sentetik bir yalıtım malzemesi olan Expanded Polystyrene Styrofoam (EPS) büyük oranda tercih edilmektedir. EPS üretim aşamasında içyapısında oluşan gözenekler sayesinde mükemmel bir ısı yalıtımı sağlamaktadır. Yalıtım malzemelerinin efektif ısıl iletkenlik değerleri gözeneklilik oranına ve gözeneklerin dağılımına bağlı olarak değişmektedir. Bu nedenle ısı transferi hesaplamalarında gerçek mikro ve makro görüntülerin kullanılması ısı geçişinin açıklanmasında önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışmada gerçek mikro ve makro görüntüler kullanılarak EPS?nin efektif ısıl iletkenlik değeri Fluent 6.3.26 paket programı ile tespit edilmiştir. Sayısal olarak bulunan bu değerler deneysel sonuçlar ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Sayısal olarak elde edilen efektif ısıl iletkenlik değerleri deneysel sonuçlara göre 18, 22 ve 32 kg/m3 için sırasıyla %8,1, %10,7 ve %11,6 hata payı göstermiştir. Bu hata oranı da malzemenin içyapısının homojen olmayışı ve modelin 3 boyutlu olarak tasarlanamamasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu çalışma ile EPS yalıtım malzemelerinin efektif ısıl iletkenlik değeri mikro ve makro görüntüleri kullanılarak sayısal olarak tespit edilebileceği, ayrıca EPS ısı yalıtım malzemelerinde gözeneklerinde ısı geçişinin hangi yollar ile gerçekleştiği bulunmuştur.The ever increasing use of energy and in order to avoid these losses that occur during the use of insulation applications are becoming inevitable. In particular, there is a lot of energy losses in the buildings insulation to be applied in low thermal conductivity, high strength and easy in terms of the applicability of a synthetic Expanded Polystyrene Styrofoam insulation material (EPS) is highly preferred. EPS?s production stage, through the pores of the internal structure provides excellent thermal insulation. Effective thermal conductivity of insulation materials varies depending on the porosity ratio and the distribution of pores. Therefore the use of heat transfer calculations real micro and macro images play an important role. In this study, using real images of micro and macro effective thermal conductivity of EPS were determined by quantitative Fluent 6.3.26 software package. Also this values have been compared with experimental studies. Numerical experimental results of the effective thermal conductivity values showed for densities of 18, 22, 32 kg/m3 respectively 8,1%, 10,7% and 11,6% margin of error. This error is caused by the lack of homogeneous in the internal structure of the material and the lack of designing three dimensional the model. In this study, the effective thermal conductivity value of EPS insulation materials by using micro and macro images can be identified numerically, as well as ways in which heat transfer through the pores of EPS heat insulation materials has occurred

Biodiesel synthesis from Styrax officinalis L. seed oil as a novel and potential non-edible feedstock: A parametric optimization study through the Taguchi technique

WOS:000508914300090The development of renewable and sustainable candidates for petroleum-based fuels is needed to address the present issue of the increasing fuel crisis regarding transportation, environmental pollution, and consumption of the petroleum reserves. In addition, there is a need to explore new non-edible oils for biodiesel production due to problems such as fuel versus food as well as procurement and presence. Therefore the experimental research was carried out to synthesize biodiesel from Styrax officinalis L. oil. It has been firstly investigated and reported as a novel feedstock for the production of alternative fuel. The raw material was subjected to esterification at desired reaction parameters estimated by 9-runs (L9) orthogonal approach of Taguchi technique. Noteworthy, the oil content was found to be at 48.29 +/- 3.81%. The maximum biodiesel yield of 89.23% was obtained under the following optimized conditions: catalyst concentration of 0.6 wt%, methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1, reaction duration of 60 min and reaction temperature of 60 degrees C. The detection of the substantial parameters was achieved using the Taguchi method and the significant parameters were obtained as follows: catalyst concentration, methanol to oil molar ratio, reaction duration, and reaction temperature with contribution factors of 78.07%, 20.32%, 0.42%, and 1.19%, respectively. Statistical analysis employing ANOVA exhibited that emerged outcomes are in good agreement with the predicted values. The fuel properties of the methyl esters from Styrax officinalis L. oil were within the ranges of the EN 14214 specifications. Therefore, the novel seeds can be a suitable feedstock for biodiesel production in the nearest future.This study was supported by Scientific Research Projects Unit of Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey, for financial support under the contact numbers of projects: 6602a-MUH/19-259

A statistical optimization attempt by applying the Taguchi technique for the optimum transesterification process parameters in the production of biodiesel from Papaver somniferum L. seed oil

This work has been accomplished for synthesizing biodiesel from crude oil extracted from Papaver somniferum L. seeds. The oil content of the seeds was detected to be at 43.51 ± 1.58 % which is higher than most of the feedstock used in biodiesel production. The obtained oil was exposed to the transesterification process under demanded reaction conditions as an L9 (9–runs) orthogonal attempt guessed by the Taguchi method. In conclusion, the highest yield of the produced biodiesel was found at the following optimized reaction conditions: molar ratio for methanol to oil of 9:1, NaOH concentration of 0.75 wt%, reaction temperature of 60 °C, and reaction time of 60 min. The exploration of the prominent reaction factors was acquired thanks to the Taguchi technique and the substantial parameters were found to be as follows: catalyst concentration, molar ratio for methanol to oil, reaction temperature, and reaction time with the contribution factors of 47.18 %, 30.04 %, 16.87 %, and 5.91 %, respectively. The statistical analysis carried out based on the ANOVA demonstrated that the monitored yield (88.97 %) were in good consonance with the estimated yield (89.93 %). In addition, the physicochemical characteristics of produced biodiesel was within the limits given in the global biodiesel standards. It can be concluded that Papaver somniferum L. seed oil can be recommended as a novel and important feedstock for biodiesel production in the close future studies as well as industrial applications when the obstructions will remove for the harvesting of this plant

Biodiesel production from hempseed (Cannabis sativa L.) oil: Providing optimum conditions by response surface methodology

This study focuses on the optimization of biodiesel synthesis using non-edible hempseed oil as the feedstock. The response surface method was used to find the best methanol: oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction duration for the transesterification process. The center composite design experimental design was used to make the design. A total of 30 cycles were conducted to adjust the four parameters at five different levels in order to optimize the biodiesel production process. It was found that the best conditions for transesterification of hempseed oil were a KOH catalyst concentration of 0.80 wt.%, a molar ratio of 7.41:1, a reaction time of 62.83 min, and a reaction temperature of 61.92 °C. Under these optimized reaction conditions, the predicted biodiesel yield was 95.57%, while the experimental yield was 95.24%. The biodiesel produced using the optimized parameters was analyzed for its properties, and the findings demonstrated that it met the requirements of EN 14214, a standard for biodiesel quality. The optimization of the biodiesel synthesis process using non-edible hempseed oil contributes to the exploration of alternative and sustainable feedstocks for biodiesel production. The values of the produced biodiesel within the standard range demonstrate its suitability for commercial applications and strengthen the potential of hemp seed oil as a suitable raw material for biodiesel production

Understanding the performance, emissions, and combustion behaviors of a DI diesel engine using alcohol/hemp seed oil biodiesel/diesel fuel ternary blends: Influence of long-chain alcohol type and concentration

In this study, it was aimed to examine the influences of biodiesel–diesel-higher alcohol (1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, and 1-heptanol) blends on the performance, emission and combustion behaviors of a single-cylinder diesel engine. The tests were performed at a fixed speed of 1500 rpm and variable loads (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%). For the tests, 80% diesel and 20% hemp seed oil biodiesel were blended and called as B20. Biodiesel fuel was produced by transesterification from hemp seed oil in the presence of methanol and potassium hydroxide for the preparation of B20 binary test fuel and other ternary fuels. Furthermore, nine ternary blend fuels [20% HSOB + 70%, 60% and 50% diesel, respectively + 10%, 20% and 30% higher alcohol (pentanol, hexanol and heptanol) respectively] were prepared. The calculations made with the experimental data revealed that the minimum brake specific energy consumption values were 12,48 MJ/kW h, 13,06 MJ/kW h, 13,27 MJ/kW h, 13,35 MJ/kW h, 13,47 MJ/kW h, and 13,59 MJ/kW h, respectively, for diesel fuel at full load, for fuels B20, B20Hx10, B20Hp10, B20Hx20 and B20Pe10, the maximum brake thermal efficiency values were obtained as 28.85%, 27.56%, 27.14%, 26.97%, 26.73% and 26.49%, respectively, for the same fuels at the same load. The increment in higher alcohol concentration in the blend delayed start of combustion and therefore the ignition delay period was prolonged. In the fuel line pressure data, changes were observed depending on the amount, viscosity and density of the fuel. Furthermore, B20Hx10 and B20Hp10 fuels gave the maximum in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, average gas temperature and pressure rise rate values after diesel and biodiesel. The addition of biodiesel and higher alcohol to diesel fuel resulted in a decrease in NOX, CO and unburned HC and smoke emissions and an increase in CO2. NOX, CO and unburned HC values of higher alcohol blended fuels at full load showed lower results, between 3.04–22.24%, 22.85–56.35% and 5.44–22.83%, respectively, compared to diesel fuel. It can be concluded that the use of hemp seed oil biodiesel and higher alcohol in the diesel engine will make a significant contribution to the reduction of NOX emissions

Fuel properties of biodiesel produced from balci variety oil of safflower (carthamus tinctorious l.)

In this study, the production of biodiesel from the cold pressed oil of safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) of Balci variety grown in Yozgat ecological condition has been carried out. The oil yield of Balci seed and the biodiesel output of the oil were studied in order to know the productivity of the oil. The fuel properties of biodiesel assessed includes, density (15o C), flash point, kinematic viscosity (40o C), cloud point, pour point, freezing point, water content, calorific value, pH and copper strip corrosion. The fuel properties of the biodiesel produced were compared with that of TS EN 14214

The production of biodiesel from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) oil as a potential feedstock and its usage in compression ignition engine: A comprehensive review

WOS:000512406900035Nowadays, energy consumption is progressively boosting in all sectors because of the rising in population and enhancing lifestyle. The dependency over fossil-based fuels has been increasing due to the ever-growing need for energy. The declining characterization of such energy sources and the increment nature of energy demand have led to vital apprehensions of energy regarding future energy safety. Keeping this in mind, the usage of alternative fuels such as biodiesel can be one of the possible solutions in order to accomplish the future energy demand. In this context, the biodiesel production is an attractive way for researchers. Biodiesel is non-toxic, biodegradable and renewable fuel that can be produced from vegetable oils, animal fats and also their wastes by applying different techniques. Contrary to the advantages, the biggest disadvantage of biodiesel is that costs are largely dependent on the feedstock. Although it has the nature of the food, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) can be utilized as a feedstock for biodiesel production because its oil consumption is limited and it can be grown in arid and dry areas all over the world. This review paper has presented a detailed overview of safflower plant, the physicochemical properties of safflower oil and its biodiesel, the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of the safflower oil biodiesel when used in a diesel engine. The findings of the present work revealed that biodiesel production from safflower oil is possible and the observations from the literature resulted in comparable fuel properties, engine performance and emission parameters with those of diesel.This study was supported by Scientific Research Projects Unit of Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey, for financial support under the contact numbers of projects: 6602b-MUH/19-274