Chromosome Biorientation Produces Hundreds of Piconewtons at a Metazoan Kinetochore

High-fidelity transmission of the genome through cell division requires that all sister kinetochores bind to dynamic microtubules (MTs) from opposite spindle poles. The application of opposing forces to this bioriented configuration produces tension that stabilizes kinetochore–microtubule (kt–MT) attachments. Defining the magnitude of force that is applied to kinetochores is central to understanding the mechano-molecular underpinnings of chromosome segregation; however, existing kinetochore force measurements span orders of magnitude. Here we measure kinetochore forces by engineering two calibrated force sensors into the Drosophila kinetochore protein centromere protein (CENP)-C. Measurements of both reporters indicate that they are, on average, under ∼1–2 piconewtons (pNs) of force at metaphase. Based on estimates of the number of CENP-C molecules and MTs per Drosophila kinetochore and envisioning kinetochore linkages arranged such that they distribute forces across them, we propose that kinetochore fibres (k-fibres) exert hundreds of pNs of poleward-directed force to bioriented kinetochores

The Material and Technical Basis of Corporate Enterprises Reproduction Organizing Under a Process of Joint Stock Capital Changing Организация управления воспроизводством материально-технической базы корпоративных предприятий в условиях изменений акционерного капитала

We prove the relevance of consolidated review cycle management transformations equity and loop playback logistics corporate enterprise. We proved the appropriateness of use synergy elements of logistics participants transformation processes as a factor in the decision to implement agreements on mergers and acquisitions to use. The ways of bringing synergy to the parameters of the methods of valuation corporations while merging and acquisitions.<br>Доказана уместность консолидированного рассмотрения цикла управления трансформационными изменениями акционерного капитала и контура воспроизводства материально-технической базы корпоративного предприятия. Предложено в качестве фактора принятия решения о реализации соглашений по слияниям и поглощениям использовать наличие синергии элементов материально-технической базы участников трансформационных процессов. Определены направления имплементации параметров данной синергии к методам оценки стоимости корпораций при слияниях и поглощениях

Addressing the exciton fine structure in colloidal nanocrystals: the case of CdSe nanoplatelets

We study the band-edge exciton fine structure and in particular its bright-dark splitting in colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals by four different optical methods based on fluorescence line narrowing and time-resolved measurements at various temperatures down to 2 K. We demonstrate that all these methods provide consistent splitting values and discuss their advances and limitations. Colloidal CdSe nanoplatelets with thicknesses of 3, 4 and 5 monolayers are chosen for experimental demonstrations. The bright-dark splitting of excitons varies from 3.2 to 6.0 meV and is inversely proportional to the nanoplatelet thickness. Good agreement between experimental and theoretically calculated size dependence of the bright-dark exciton slitting is achieved. The recombination rates of the bright and dark excitons and the bright to dark relaxation rate are measured by time-resolved techniques

Модификации заглавий в автопереводе (на материале сборника В. Набокова «Возвращение Чорба»)

The article is devoted to study of the self-translation of stories' titles by Vladimir Nabokov from the point of view of structural and semantic changes, stipulated by use of semantic reduction, semantic specification, compensation and modulation. The authors study the literary text on the grounds of compare-and-contrast, structural, intertextual and cognitive methods of research. The main subject of research are the stories from the collection "The return of Chorb". The bilingual writer often deviates in translation from a proclaimed principle of "literal translation" what is stipulated by Nabokov’s desire to specify or to emphasize the semantics of the title. The article also explains the reasons why certain stories have not been translated by the author into English.Статья посвящена изучению автоперевода заглавий рассказов Владимира Набокова с точки зрения структурных и семантических модификаций, обусловленных использованием приемов семантической редукции, смысловой конкретизации, компенсации, модуляции. Авторы работы обращаются к сравнительно-сопоставительному, структурному, интертекстуальному и когнитивному методам исследования художественного текста. Основным материалом исследования стали рассказы из сборника «Возвращение Чорба», при переводе которых писатель-билингв часто отклоняется от манифестированного принципа «буквальности», что обусловлено стремлением В. Набокова конкретизировать или акцентировать семантику заглавий. В статье также объясняются причины, по которым некоторые рассказы не были переведены автором на английский язык

Treatment of lactase deficiency in children’s obesity with genotype C/C 13910 of lactase gene

Introduction: Excess lactose in the diet of modern man causes the development of not only lactase deficiency, but it can be a factor that contributes to obesity. The aim: To study associations between obesity and genotype C/C 13910 of lactase gene (LCT) in children, to investigate the effectiveness of treatment using drug exogenous lactase and a low-lactose diet. Materials and methods: genotyping of lactase gene by real-time polymerase chain reaction, determining the level of lactose maldigestion by hydrogen breath test (HBT), estimating the insulin resistance with the HOMA-IR index in 70 obese children and 40 healthy children 6 - 18 years. Obese children with genotype C/C 13910 and lactose maldigestion (n=40) were randomized in two groups: children from group I (n=20) received an exogenous lactase preparation, and children from group II (n=20) - low-lactose diet. Results: in obese children, the genotype C/C 13910 is 2 times more often than in healthy children. Obese children with genotype C/C 13910 have a significantly higher value of HBT (32.8–39.8 ppm) compared to healthy children (p<0.05), and an increased value of the HOMA-IR index. After treatment, there was a significant decrease in HBT and the HOMA-IR index in the two comparison groups. Conclusions: signs of insulin resistance are observed in children with obesity, genotype C/C 13910 and lactose maldigestion. The use of exogenous lactase in the therapy or the administration of a low-lactose diet cause approximately the same decrease in the HOMA-IR index

Treatment of lactase deficiency in children’s obesity with genotype C/C 13910 of lactase gene

Introduction: Excess lactose in the diet of modern man causes the development of not only lactase deficiency, but it can be a factor that contributes to obesity. The aim: To study associations between obesity and genotype C/C 13910 of lactase gene (LCT) in children, to investigate the effectiveness of treatment using drug exogenous lactase and a low-lactose diet. Materials and methods: genotyping of lactase gene by real-time polymerase chain reaction, determining the level of lactose maldigestion by hydrogen breath test (HBT), estimating the insulin resistance with the HOMA-IR index in 70 obese children and 40 healthy children 6 - 18 years. Obese children with genotype C/C 13910 and lactose maldigestion (n=40) were randomized in two groups: children from group I (n=20) received an exogenous lactase preparation, and children from group II (n=20) - low-lactose diet. Results: in obese children, the genotype C/C 13910 is 2 times more often than in healthy children. Obese children with genotype C/C 13910 have a significantly higher value of HBT (32.8–39.8 ppm) compared to healthy children (p<0.05), and an increased value of the HOMA-IR index. After treatment, there was a significant decrease in HBT and the HOMA-IR index in the two comparison groups. Conclusions: signs of insulin resistance are observed in children with obesity, genotype C/C 13910 and lactose maldigestion. The use of exogenous lactase in the therapy or the administration of a low-lactose diet cause approximately the same decrease in the HOMA-IR index

Ab-initio study of model guanine assemblies: The role of pi-pi coupling and band transport

Several assemblies of guanine molecules are investigated by means of first-principle calculations. Such structures include stacked and hydrogen-bonded dimers, as well as vertical columns and planar ribbons, respectively, obtained by periodically replicating the dimers. Our results are in good agreement with experimental data for isolated molecules, isolated dimers, and periodic ribbons. For stacked dimers and columns, the stability is affected by the relative charge distribution of the pi orbitals in adjacent guanine molecules. pi-pi coupling in some stacked columns induces dispersive energy bands, while no dispersion is identified in the planar ribbons along the connections of hydrogen bonds. The implications for different materials comprised of guanine aggregates are discussed. The bandstructure of dispersive configurations may justify a contribution of band transport (Bloch type) in the conduction mechanism of deoxyguanosine fibres, while in DNA-like configurations band transport should be negligible.Comment: 21 pages, 6 figures, 3 tables, to be published in Phys. Rev.

A Detailed Study on the Equal Arrival Time Surface Effect in Gamma-Ray Burst Afterglows

Due to the relativistic motion of gamma-ray burst remnant and its deceleration in the circumburst medium, the equal arrival time surfaces at any moment are not spherical, but should be distorted ellipsoids. This will leave some imprints in the afterglows. In this article, we study the effect of equal arrival time surfaces numerically under various conditions, i.e., for isotropic fireballs, collimated jets, density jump conditions, and energy injection events. For each condition, direct comparison between the two instances when the effect is and is not included, is presented. For isotropic fireballs and jets viewed on axis, the effect slightly hardens the spectra and postpones the peak time of afterglows, but does not change the shapes of the spectra and light curves significantly. In the cases when a density jump or an energy injection is involved, the effect smears the variability of the afterglows markedly.Comment: Accepted for publication in: Chin. J. Astron. Astrophys., 15 pages, 8 embedded eps figure