Comparison between the Anti-inflammatory Effect of Tramadol and Ketorolac by determining the levels of Serum C-reactive Protein after removal of impacted Third Molar: An Invivo study

BACKGROUND: Third molar surgery is one of the most common surgeries in dental practice. Post-operative sequelae include pain, trismus, swelling and discomfort. It has a psychological, biological and social impact on patients. These postoperative symptoms can be arbitrarily predicted by many factors associated with third-molar like pre-operative infection, pre-operative inflammation, pericoronitis, type of impaction, time required for third molar extraction, technique of extraction, intra socket medications like Zinc Oxide Eugenol packs, perioperative antibiotic use. But these factors are not reliable or definitive indicators for the post-operative discomfort and swelling. CRP is extremely sensitive and non-specific acute-phase marker for inflammation, produced in response to many forms of injury other than attached to specific molecular configurations that are exposed typically during cell death or found on the surfaces of pathogens. C-reactive protein is an acute phase reactant of inflammation seen post-operatively or after any trauma. The analgesic agents is increasingly being used for the management of pain associated with acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. It is neither a non steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) nor a true opioid. Several studies shown that they have been used to reduce the post-operative complications. In this study, the association between the inflammation and the serum CRP levels and the anti-inflammatory effect of analgesics which routinely used dental practice. AIM OF THE STUDY: To compare the anti-inflammatory effect of tramadol and ketorolac tromethamine by determining the changes in the levels of serum C-reactive protein after removal of impacted third molar. OBJECTIVES: 1. To determine which drug has the better anti-inflammatory efficiency after removal of impacted third molar by determining the levels of serum C- reactive protein. 2. To prove that CRP is an better indicator of inflammation after trauma / surgery. METHODOLOGY: This study is conducted on 40 American Society of Anaesthesiologists Class I patients scheduled for the surgical removal of an impacted lower third molar. patients who had complaints of pain, swelling, decayed tooth associated with the lower third molar tooth which are indicated for removal of lower third molar teeth under local anaesthesia are included in the study. Surgical removal of third molar was performed under local anaesthesia (lignocaine 2% with adrenaline 1: 80,000 conc). Classical inferior alveolar block along with long buccal nerve nerve will be given. Tooth removal will be done by odontectomy using elevators. Simple interrupted sutures given. post-operative instructions are given. A second blood sample is collected immediately after the procedure and the third sample is collected after 72 hrs. of the procedure on the 3rd day. Suture removal is done on the 7th day post operatively. Post operatively, patients are randomly received 1 of 2 analgesic regimens. Group 1 patients were received 50 mg tramadol every 8 hours after food orally for 3 days and group 2 patients were received 10 mg of ketorolac every 8 hours after food orally for 3 days. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for the quantitative determination of CRP in human plasma. RESULTS: In this study, mean + standard deviation of the sample immediate post operatively in group1 (tramadol) patients is 2.475+0.9 and the sample collected after 72 hrs. post operatively in group 1 patients is 5.695+2.1. Mean + standard deviation of the sample immediate post operatively in group 2 (ketorolac) patients is 2.650+1.01 and the sample collected after 72 hrs. post operatively in group 2 patients is 3.820+1.3. There is significant differences in CRP concentrations in the 72 hrs. Post-operative samples among the groups (p=0.002). Increases in CRP level in the tramadol group after 72 hrs. Post operatively is highly significant statistically when compare to ketorolac group. CONCLUSION: By comparing the mean value of CRP in both groups, there is increased value of CRP in tramadol group to that of ketorolac group suggestive of ketorolac has better anti- inflammatory activity. It is effective to use ketorolac to reduce the postsurgical pain and swelling after third molar surgery. Pre-operative levels of C-reactive protein were seen to be a reliable indicator than other indicators like preoperative pain and inflammation for prediction of post-operative discomfort symptoms like post-operative pain, swelling and trismus. Thus evaluation C-reactive protein levels will help pre-operatively for taking preoperative medications to keep the C-reactive levels and post-operative discomfort to the minimal

Plastic is a global menace. Do we have enough data?

Plastic waste ends up in the ocean through run-off and rivers which affects the marine ecosystem. Continuous increase in the production of plastics and polymers have exacerbated this problem. Here we report marine plastic pollution with reference to India and Chennai (the capital of Tamil Nadu, South India). In particular, Tamil Nadu has a long coastline and the plastic waste reaching it through rivers and land run-off, and dumped ghost fishing gear, causes serious problems to the flora and fauna as well as livelihood of the fishing communities across the region. Despite various studies, there remains an uncertainty about the quantity of macro and micro plastic waste reaching the oceans and the consequences of marine plastic pollution, locally as well as globally

Synthesis and characterization of Nano sulphur: Exploring its potential as slow release fertilizer

Sulphur is rapidly being recognized as the fourth key nutrient for plants after nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. It functions in several critical metabolic and physiological processes, such as Chlorophyll synthesis, Protein synthesis, Activation of enzymes, Stress tolerance and Seed production. In this background, an attempt was made to synthesize nano sulphur fertilizers for slow release using the reverse microemulsion (water-in-oil microemulsion) technique. Cyclohexane was used as oil phase. Tween-80 and ethanol were used as surfactant and co-surfactant, respectively. Hydrochloric acid and sodium polysulfide solution acted as an aqueous phase. This technique resulted in the successful synthesis of nano sulphur fertilizer. The sulphur nano fertilizer was characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The XRD pattern revealed the orthorhombic nature of nano sulphur and the lattice face-centred. The FTIR spectra at 1406 cm-1 confirmed the sulphur vibrations. The microemulsion method yielded stable, uniform, spherical nano sulphur particles with dimensions ranging from 25 to 47 nm. The thermal disintegration between 117°C to 122°C in TGA graph was attributed to the sublimation of sulphur in orthorhombic crystalline form, indicating the successful synthesis of nano sulphur. A laboratory study on nano sulphur fertilizer and conventional sulphur fertilizer was studied with a Percolator reaction system to evaluate the slow release of sulphur from both fertilizers at ambient temperature. Percolation reactor experiment indicated that sulphate release from nano sulphur was longer for 42 days than gypsum amended soil which exhausted within 35 days. Hence, synthesized nano sulphur fertilizer maximizes nutrient retention, eliminates environmental nutrient loses and decreases fertilizer requirements

Efficient deletion of microRNAs using CRISPR/Cas9 with dual guide RNAs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that play crucial roles in gene regulation, exerting post-transcriptional silencing, thereby influencing cellular function, development, and disease. Traditional loss-of-function methods for studying miRNA functions, such as miRNA inhibitors and sponges, present limitations in terms of specificity, transient effects, and off-target effects. Similarly, CRISPR/Cas9-based editing of miRNAs using single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) also has limitations in terms of design space for generating effective gRNAs. In this study, we introduce a novel approach that utilizes CRISPR/Cas9 with dual guide RNAs (dgRNAs) for the rapid and efficient generation of short deletions within miRNA genomic regions. Through the expression of dgRNAs through single-copy lentiviral integration, this approach achieves over a 90% downregulation of targeted miRNAs within a week. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of various parameters influencing efficient deletion formation. In addition, we employed doxycycline (Dox)-inducible expression of Cas9 from the AAVS1 locus, enabling homogeneous, temporal, and stage-specific editing during cellular differentiation. Compared to miRNA inhibitory methods, the dgRNA-based approach offers higher specificity, allowing for the deletion of individual miRNAs with similar seed sequences, without affecting other miRNAs. Due to the increased design space, the dgRNA-based approach provides greater flexibility in gRNA design compared to the sgRNA-based approach. We successfully applied this approach in two human cell lines, demonstrating its applicability for studying the mechanisms of human erythropoiesis and pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) biology and differentiation. Efficient deletion of miR-451 and miR-144 resulted in blockage of erythroid differentiation, and the deletion of miR-23a and miR-27a significantly affected iPSC survival. We have validated the highly efficient deletion of genomic regions by editing protein-coding genes, resulting in a significant impact on protein expression. This protocol has the potential to be extended to delete multiple miRNAs within miRNA clusters, allowing for future investigations into the cooperative effects of the cluster members on cellular functions. The protocol utilizing dgRNAs for miRNA deletion can be employed to generate efficient pooled libraries for high-throughput comprehensive analysis of miRNAs involved in different biological processes

Efficacy of BCG as Immunomodulator in Multibacillary Leprosy

INTRODUCTION: Leprosy is a chronic infectious granulomatous disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. It principally affects skin and peripheral nerves. Multidrug therapy (MDT) has been very successful in the management of leprosy. However, even after 12 months of MDT, patients in lepromatous spectrum continue to harbour both dead bacilli and viable persisters leading to complications like recurrent reactions and late relapses. This is due to partial or complete lack of cell-mediated immunity in these patients. To alter this anergy, immunotherapeutic agents (vaccines) are being evaluated as an adjunct to MDT. AIM OF THE STUDY: To study the immunomodulatory efficacy of BCG administered along with MB-MDT in multibacillary (BB, BL, LL) leprosy patients. METHODOLOGY: A sample size of 30 between the age group 15-70 years were recruited for this study. Detailed case history, thorough clinical examination and slit skin smear were done. Blood investigations like Complete blood count, Renal function test, Liver function test, VCTC, VDRL and skin biopsy were taken. The patients were randomly allocated into two groups. One group received MB-MDT WITH BCG vaccine at 3 months interval ( 4 doses ) – 0.1mg in 0.1ml injected intradermally and the other group received MB-MDT alone (without BCG) - which served as control. The following parameters were assessed periodically. ◈ Clinical assessment was done every 3 months and measured using Ramu’s clinical scoring system. ◈ Slit skin smear examination (SSS) was done initially, then at 6 months and 12 months of staring treatment from the same site. Bacteriological Index was calculated (BI). ◈ Histopathological examination was done initially. ◈ Reaction pattern was observed. RESULTS: The mean age of the sample was 42.2 years. Males outnumbered females with the ratio of 2.3:1 in the study. The clinical scores, BI, histological and reaction pattern in both the groups were compared. Reduction in the clinical score was more marked in the Study group than in the Control group both at 6 and 12 months (P value < 0.05). The mean reduction of BI in the study group at 12 months was 2.60, whereas in control group it was 1.93 which was statistically significant (P value=0.01). The reduction of granuloma fraction in the study group was 35.09μm and in the control group, it was 29.20μm, which is again statistically significant. Type 1 reactions were seen more frequently in the Study group than the control group (33% in the study group vs 20% in the control group). Type 2 reactions occurred more frequently in the Control group than the study group patients (33% in the control group vs 13% in the study group). Neuritis was observed in 28% of patients in the study group and 50% of patients in the control group. No patients in the vaccine treated group developed any new deformity or deterioration of the pre-existing deformity, but 13% of patients in the control group developed grade 2 deformities during treatment. CONCLUSION: In our study, it is observed that addition of BCG with MDT resulted in faster clinical improvement, better bacteriological clearance and histopathological upgrading. Incidence of type 2 reaction and the incidence of new deformities were found to be decreased in the study group. Thus BCG can be considered an effective immuno-therapeutic tool in the management of multibacillary leprosy patients

Prediction of survival rate of breast cancer patients using machine learning

Cancer is a particularly varied ailment that results from pursuing allure, progress, and asperity, which is amazingly troublesome. The most ordinary malignancy-producing structure is the TNM (carcinoma, growth, often major) arrangement that is located generally on dispassionate news like swelling intensity, consideration of spread, etc. Combining phenotypic and microscopic dossiers from tumour victims can result in more specific writings of disease progression and asperity. Investigated the accompanying three microscopic datasets (DNA methylation, RNASeq and miRNASeq dossiers) in addition to the clinical dataset to conclude the overall endurance of feeling malignancy sufferers. The machine intelligence algorithms conclude the maximal accuracy of the survival rates

DataSheet1_Efficient deletion of microRNAs using CRISPR/Cas9 with dual guide RNAs.PDF

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that play crucial roles in gene regulation, exerting post-transcriptional silencing, thereby influencing cellular function, development, and disease. Traditional loss-of-function methods for studying miRNA functions, such as miRNA inhibitors and sponges, present limitations in terms of specificity, transient effects, and off-target effects. Similarly, CRISPR/Cas9-based editing of miRNAs using single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) also has limitations in terms of design space for generating effective gRNAs. In this study, we introduce a novel approach that utilizes CRISPR/Cas9 with dual guide RNAs (dgRNAs) for the rapid and efficient generation of short deletions within miRNA genomic regions. Through the expression of dgRNAs through single-copy lentiviral integration, this approach achieves over a 90% downregulation of targeted miRNAs within a week. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of various parameters influencing efficient deletion formation. In addition, we employed doxycycline (Dox)-inducible expression of Cas9 from the AAVS1 locus, enabling homogeneous, temporal, and stage-specific editing during cellular differentiation. Compared to miRNA inhibitory methods, the dgRNA-based approach offers higher specificity, allowing for the deletion of individual miRNAs with similar seed sequences, without affecting other miRNAs. Due to the increased design space, the dgRNA-based approach provides greater flexibility in gRNA design compared to the sgRNA-based approach. We successfully applied this approach in two human cell lines, demonstrating its applicability for studying the mechanisms of human erythropoiesis and pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) biology and differentiation. Efficient deletion of miR-451 and miR-144 resulted in blockage of erythroid differentiation, and the deletion of miR-23a and miR-27a significantly affected iPSC survival. We have validated the highly efficient deletion of genomic regions by editing protein-coding genes, resulting in a significant impact on protein expression. This protocol has the potential to be extended to delete multiple miRNAs within miRNA clusters, allowing for future investigations into the cooperative effects of the cluster members on cellular functions. The protocol utilizing dgRNAs for miRNA deletion can be employed to generate efficient pooled libraries for high-throughput comprehensive analysis of miRNAs involved in different biological processes.</p