The Effects of Social Fields on the Telepathic Reception of Information

Field theories are increasingly used as explanations for extrasensory perception, suggesting the existence of some form of collective mind or social field. These theories imply that groups of individuals create fields that can contain and transfer information. The current study explored the telepathic transfer of information regarding randomly selected target locations. Groups of participants sent target locations to individuals, observed on close circuit television, who were either members of the group (ingroup) or not members (outgroup). We hypothesized that ingroup members would achieve above chance hit rates while outgroup members would score below chance. Approximately 30 senders sent 16 trials of one of four target locations to three outgroup members, followed by three members of their own group during 12 separate sessions, for a total of 36 outgroup receivers and 36 ingroup receivers. Direct hits as well as total number of tries required to locate targets were analyzed. The ingroup had a direct hit rate of 28.47% as compared to the expected chance hit rate of 25%. While the outgroup had a hit rate of 18.92%, also compared to 25% expected by chance (p\u3c.05, one tail). A direct comparison between ingroup and outgroup for direct hits results in t=3.84, p\u3c.001, two-tailed. A comparison of total tries between ingroup and outgroup were also significant, t=3.75, p\u3c.001, two-tailed. The ingroup beat the outgroup on direct hits and total tries during all of the 12 sessions (p\u3c.00024). Correlations between ingroup and outgoup, group scores and session number, as well as patterns of target selections are analyzed and discussed. Results are described as showing strong support for the importance of group membership, as well as varying levels of enthusiasm, in telepathic communication

The Effects of Social Fields on the Telepathic Reception of Information

Field theories are increasingly used as explanations for extrasensory perception, suggesting the existence of some form of collective mind or social field. These theories imply that groups of individuals create fields that can contain and transfer information. The current study explored the telepathic transfer of information regarding randomly selected target locations. Groups of participants sent target locations to individuals, observed on close circuit television, who were either members of the group (ingroup) or not members (outgroup). We hypothesized that ingroup members would achieve above chance hit rates while outgroup members would score below chance. Approximately 30 senders sent 16 trials of one of four target locations to three outgroup members, followed by three members of their own group during 12 separate sessions, for a total of 36 outgroup receivers and 36 ingroup receivers. Direct hits as well as total number of tries required to locate targets were analyzed. The ingroup had a direct hit rate of 28.47% as compared to the expected chance hit rate of 25%. While the outgroup had a hit rate of 18.92%, also compared to 25% expected by chance (p\u3c.05, one tail). A direct comparison between ingroup and outgroup for direct hits results in t=3.84, p\u3c.001, two-tailed. A comparison of total tries between ingroup and outgroup were also significant, t=3.75, p\u3c.001, two-tailed. The ingroup beat the outgroup on direct hits and total tries during all of the 12 sessions (p\u3c.00024). Correlations between ingroup and outgoup, group scores and session number, as well as patterns of target selections are analyzed and discussed. Results are described as showing strong support for the importance of group membership, as well as varying levels of enthusiasm, in telepathic communication

The Effects of Social Fields on the Telepathic Reception of Information

Field theories are increasingly used as explanations for extrasensory perception, suggesting the existence of some form of collective mind or social field. These theories imply that groups of individuals create fields that can contain and transfer information. The current study explored the telepathic transfer of information regarding randomly selected target locations. Groups of participants sent target locations to individuals, observed on close circuit television, who were either members of the group (ingroup) or not members (outgroup). We hypothesized that ingroup members would achieve above chance hit rates while outgroup members would score below chance. Approximately 30 senders sent 16 trials of one of four target locations to three outgroup members, followed by three members of their own group during 12 separate sessions, for a total of 36 outgroup receivers and 36 ingroup receivers. Direct hits as well as total number of tries required to locate targets were analyzed. The ingroup had a direct hit rate of 28.47% as compared to the expected chance hit rate of 25%. While the outgroup had a hit rate of 18.92%, also compared to 25% expected by chance (p\u3c.05, one tail). A direct comparison between ingroup and outgroup for direct hits results in t=3.84, p\u3c.001, two-tailed. A comparison of total tries between ingroup and outgroup were also significant, t=3.75, p\u3c.001, two-tailed. The ingroup beat the outgroup on direct hits and total tries during all of the 12 sessions (p\u3c.00024). Correlations between ingroup and outgoup, group scores and session number, as well as patterns of target selections are analyzed and discussed. Results are described as showing strong support for the importance of group membership, as well as varying levels of enthusiasm, in telepathic communication

Synthesis and Analysis of Entangled Photonic Qubits in Spatial-Parity Space

We present the novel embodiment of a photonic qubit that makes use of one continuous spatial degree of freedom of a single photon and relies on the the parity of the photon's transverse spatial distribution. Using optical spontaneous parametric downconversion to produce photon pairs, we demonstrate the controlled generation of entangled-photon states in this new space. Specifically, two Bell states, and a continuum of their superpositions, are generated by simple manipulation of a classical parameter, the optical-pump spatial parity, and not by manipulation of the entangled photons themselves. An interferometric device, isomorphic in action to a polarizing beam splitter, projects the spatial-parity states onto an even--odd basis. This new physical realization of photonic qubits could be used as a foundation for future experiments in quantum information processing.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, submitted to PR

Experimental Violation of Bell's Inequality in Spatial-Parity Space

We report the first experimental violation of Bell's inequality in the spatial domain using the Einstein--Podolsky--Rosen state. Two-photon states generated via optical spontaneous parametric downconversion are shown to be entangled in the parity of their one-dimensional transverse spatial profile. Superpositions of Bell states are prepared by manipulation of the optical pump's transverse spatial parity--a classical parameter. The Bell-operator measurements are made possible by devising simple optical arrangements that perform rotations in the one-dimensional spatial-parity space of each photon of an entangled pair and projective measurements onto a basis of even--odd functions. A Bell-operator value of 2.389 +- 0.016 is recorded, a violation of the inequality by more than 24 standard deviations.Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, 1 Tabl

Understanding how Characteristics of the Nest Site Affect Nest Success of Wild Turkeys

Wild turkeys (Meleagris gallapavo) are a highly-desirable game species throughout the United States, but harvest records in the northern Black Hills, South Dakota suggest that this population is declining.  We wondered whether vegetation characteristics at the nest site would affect nest fate (success/failure).  We monitored 40 nests during summer 2016 to determine nest fate and 27 were successful (?1 egg hatched).  At the actual or expected hatch date, we quantified characteristics of the understory vegetation at the nest bowl, namely total cover, shrub cover, woody debris, and the degree of visual obstruction.  We compared these characteristics between successful and unsuccessful nests. Successful nests had slightly less woody debris and total cover than unsuccessful nests.  We did not detect differences in shrub cover or the degree of visual obstruction.  Our results suggest that there may be some optimal amount of total cover and woody debris at the nest bowl that contributes to a higher chance of nest success.  We recommend additional research that focuses on how vegetation characteristics found at nest sites compares to what is available.  This information in conjunction with our findings could provide guidance for managers regarding vegetation characteristics that may be optimal for nest success.  Although these data may help manage turkey populations, nesting represents only one part of the life cycle of a wild turkey.  We recommend that managers strive for a mosaic of vegetation characteristics to accommodate the needs of turkey populations throughout their life history

Poor sleep quality and progression of gait impairment in an incident Parkinson’s disease cohort

Abnormal sleep may associate with cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease (PD). Furthermore, sleep dysfunction may associate with worse motor outcome. We hypothesised that PD patients with poor quality sleep would have greater progression in gait dysfunction, due to structural and functional overlap in networks subserving sleep and gait regulation. 12 PD patients and 12 age-matched controls completed longitudinal follow-up over 36 months. Poor sleep efficiency and greater sleep fragmentation correlated significantly with progression of step-width variability, a gait characteristic mediated by postural control, providing evidence that poor sleep in PD is associated with a more rapid deterioration in gait

Stable Mode Sorting by Two-Dimensional Parity of Photonic Transverse Spatial States

We describe a mode sorter for two-dimensional parity of transverse spatial states of light based on an out-of-plane Sagnac interferometer. Both Hermite-Gauss (HG) and Laguerre-Gauss (LG) modes can be guided into one of two output ports according to the two-dimensional parity of the mode in question. Our interferometer sorts HG_nm input modes depending upon whether they have even or odd order n+m; it equivalently sorts LG modes depending upon whether they have an even or odd value of their orbital angular momentum. It functions efficiently at the single-photon level, and therefore can be used to sort single-photon states. Due to the inherent phase stability of this type of interferometer as compared to those of the Mach-Zehnder type, it provides a promising tool for the manipulation and filtering of higher order transverse spatial modes for the purposes of quantum information processing. For example, several similar Sagnacs cascaded together may allow, for the first time, a stable measurement of the orbital angular momentum of a true single-photon state. Furthermore, as an alternative to well-known holographic techniques, one can use the Sagnac in conjunction with a multi-mode fiber as a spatial mode filter, which can be used to produce spatial-mode entangled Bell states and heralded single photons in arbitrary first-order (n+m=1) spatial states, covering the entire Poincare sphere of first-order transverse modes.Comment: 11 pages, 12 figures, 2 appendice