622 research outputs found
disrupting routine: the expansion of precedent
Iconic architecture has presented a preferential nature to the establishment of architectural work. Academically, only the architectural a-side is presented to students. It is used as a means to develop, measure, and identify good work. Meanwhile, the architectural B-side is deliberately hidden away and censored by the profession. It exploits the perverse - displaying all of architectureβs failures, glitches, and anomalies.1 However, the notion of the a and b sides also presents problematic consequences. Prescribing architecture as either a or b side is problematic - it creates a divide between iconic architecture and all the other works deemed βinsignificantβ. Even the manner in which the architectural routine has catered to the development of iconic works must be challenged. The process or \u27routine\u27 of architectural development does not provide a means for exploration into other affinities or even allow the ability to explore in \u27non-traditional\u27 methods; instead, it prioritizes efficiency rather than production. Originally aiming to exposΓ© the preferential nature of the architectural icons through the architectural a and b sides, this thesis will serve as a means of developing architectural investigations to expand the references and, in turn the voices that are included within the dialog of architectural design
Mechanical Stress Modulates Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in Human PDL
Orthodontic movement of teeth with compromised periodontium is risky because heavy orthodontic force could exacerbate the damaged periodontal status. Guidelines for moving periodontally-compromised teeth have not been established due to the lack of scientific evidence about the relationship between periodontal inflammation and mechanical force. In periodontitis, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is recognized in the periodontal ligament (PDL) by toll-like receptors (TLR) which leads to destruction of periodontal tissues through inflammatory cascades. Recent studies have demonstrated that absence of TLR2 and TLR4 leads to reduced alveolar bone loss in mice. Therefore, reduction of TLR2 and TLR4 on PDL cells can have a protective effect against the attack by periodontal pathogens and, accordingly, decrease susceptibility to periodontal disease.
The objective of the study was to explore the effect of mechanical stress on the expression of toll-like receptors on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLF).Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLF) were cultured and seeded on glass slides. Upon confluence, the cells were starved for 24 hours and then subjected to fluid shear stress (FSS) for 1 hour. After FSS, the cells were lysed to test the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and the expressions of TLR2 and TLR4. To explore the possible involvement of MAPK (ERK1/2) signaling pathway, a specific ERK1/2 inhibitor was added during the flow. The whole cell lysates from each group were immunoblotted with anti-TLR2 and anti-TLR4 antibodies. The signals of interest were determined using the ECL method. For quantification, densitometries of gel bands of interest were normalized to that of vinculin.
One-way ANOVA with Tukey\u27s post hoc test was used to compare the results among the experimental groups, with p value being set at 0.05. As found, TLR4 but not TLR2 was abundantly expressed in hPDLF cells. Compared to the static controls, FSS significantly reduced the expression of TLR4. When PD98059 was added, the FSS-induced reduction of TLR4 was significantly recovered back to the control level. Conclusively, mechanical stress down-regulates the expression of TLR4, which is mediated by MAPK signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that FSS (mimicking light orthodontic force application) could possibly alleviate the compromised periodontal status via down-regulation of TLR4
Analyzation of Sandpit Lakes in Grand Island, Nebraska
The oxford dictionary defines βdichotomyβ as, βnoun: a division or contrast between two things that are or are represented as being opposed or entirely different.β In the context of Grand Island, Nebraska, a dichotomy exists in the development of housing. In the 1900s, sand quarrying began along the railroad in Grand Island. When the sand was dredged up from these quarries, the floodplain began to fill in holes over 5 feet deep, creating man-made lakes. As these lakes grew the sand could no longer be quarried, recreation and housing began to develop on their shores. The housing developments, in particular, created a dichotomy: the design of suburbs - cul de sacs, winding roads, sprawl - began occurring around these partially naturally occurring bodies of water, following the shoreline.
Soil, or the organic material, sand, has proven prosperous for the city of Grand Island. Financial benefits of the sand quarrying industry, result in not only profit for the companies and therefore an economic increase in the area, but also for the housing and recreational activities that are developing around the lakes created from the quarries. Due to the increase of housing developments, parks, and fishing lakes, Grand Island has experienced an increase in population as well as a diversity of the surrounding environment in the city. Instead of the arbitrary sprawl of many suburbs, the development of housing follows the curves of man-made lakes. In some instances various lakes were quarried in a random fashion, however, others were quarried with a plan to develop them in the future.
Through the analysis of these lakes, different patterns and information have been found and the drawings represent the gradual growth and change of these lakes over time. Ranging from currently quarried lakes to currently developed lakes, the history of each lake is represented
Low temperature specific heat of La_{3}Pd_{4}Ge_{4} with U_{3}Ni_{4}Si_{4}-type structure
Low temperature specific heat has been investigated in a novel ternary
superconductor La_{3}Pd_{4}Ge_{4} with an U_{3}Ni_{4}Si_{4}-type structure
consisting of the alternating BaAl_{4} (ThCr_{2}Si_{2})- and AlB-type
layers. A comparative study with the related ThCr_{2}Si_{2}-type superconductor
LaPd_{2}Ge_{2}, one of the layers in La_{3}Pd_{4}Ge_{4}, is also presented.
From the normal state specific heat, the Sommerfeld coefficient mJ/mol K^2 and the Debye temperature = 256 K are derived
for the La_{3}Pd_{4}Ge_{4}, while those for the LaPd_{2}Ge_{2} are mJ/mol K^2 and = 291 K. The La_{3}Pd_{4}Ge_{4} has
moderately high electronic density of state at the Fermi level. Electronic
contribution on the specific heat, , in each compound is well
described by the BCS behavior, suggesting that both of the La_{3}Pd_{4}Ge_{4}
and the LaPd_{2}Ge_{2} have fully opened isotropic gap in the superconducting
state
Orientation relationships between icosahedral clusters in hexagonal MgZn2 and monoclinic Mg4Zn7 phases in Mg-Zn(-Y) alloys
Intermetallic precipitates formed in heat-treated and aged Mg-Zn and Mg-Zn-Y
alloys have been investigated via electron microscopy. Coarse spheroidal
precipitates formed on deformation twin boundaries contained domains belonging
to either the MgZn2 hexagonal Laves phase or the monoclinic Mg4Zn7 phase. Both
phases are structurally related to the quasi-crystalline phase formed in
Mg-Zn-Y alloys, containing icosahedrally coordinated zinc atoms arranged as a
series of broad rhombohedral units. This rhombohedral arrangement was also
visible in intragranular precipitates where local regions with the structures
of hexagonal MgZn2 and Mg4Zn7 were found. The orientation adopted by the MgZn2
and Mg4Zn7 phases in twin-boundary and intragranular precipitates was such that
the icosahedral clusters were aligned similarly. These results highlight the
close structural similarities between the precipitates of the Mg-Zn-Y alloy
system.Comment: Corrected proof. 11 pages, 5 figures. Eleventh International
Conference on Quasicrystals:13-18 June 2010, Sapporo. This is an electronic
version of an article published in Philosophical Magazine,
91(19-21):2634-2644, 2011. doi: 10.1080/14786435.2010.541168 Philosophical
Magazine is available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tphm2
Magmatism of the Devonian Altai-Sayan Rift System: Geological and geochemical evidence for diverse plume-lithosphere interactions
The geodynamic environment of the 407β392 Ma Altai-Sayan Rift System is characterized using previously published and new original data on whole rock, trace and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions, along with U-Pb zircon ages. Five magmatic associations are present: basalt (basalts and basaltic trachyandesites), continuous (basalts, andesites, dacite-rhyolites), alkaline (basalts, nephelinite, tephrite, phonotephrite, phonolite, teralite, ijolite-urthite, foyaite, nepheline and alkaline syenite), bimodal (trachybasalts, trachyrhyolites-pantellerites and peralkaline granites) and ultramafic-mafic (picrites and picrodolerites). Mafic rocks of basalt, continuous, alkaline, and bimodal associations exhibit a wide variation of TiO2 (from 1.05 to 4.05 wt%) and are compositionally intermediate between intraplate basalts of OIB type and basalts of active continental margins IAB type. The TiO2 content in these mafic rocks correlates directly with the content of large ion lithophile elements (LILE), rare-earth elements (REE), high field strength elements (HSFE), and particularly with Nb and Ta. The basaltic samples have positive Ξ΅Nd(395) values (+3.4 to +7.7) and a large range of Ξ΅Sr(395) values (β13.6 to +12.6). Ξ΅Sr(395) decreases with increasing TiO2 abundance. Pantellerites and alkaline granites have ore-level concentrations of Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, REE; and they have similar Sr and Nd isotope parameters to those of the high-Ti basalts. This indicates their origin via fractionation of mantle magmas. Rhyolite samples are depleted in rare incompatible elements, but have low positive Ξ΅Nd(395) values (+1.5 to +1.8), and Ξ΅Sr(395) values (+16.6 to +20.6), and they compositionally resemble the rocks produced from anatectic magmas of crustal origin. Whole-rock elemental and isotopic data suggest that the mafic rocks were likely derived from lithospheric mantle that was metasomatized during the prior Caledonian accretion/subduction event. In combination with the field relationship and regional geology, our study suggests that the rock associations from the Devonian Altai-Sayan Rift System were derived by the activity of mantle plumes
The early evolution of the earth, the beginning of its geological history: how and when the granitoid magmas appeared
The Earth has a number of differences from the planets of the Solar System and other star-planetary systems. These differences were acquired during its formation and geological history. In the early Chaotic eon occurred the accretion of the Earth, the separation of the primary substance of the Earth into a mantle and a nucleus, a satellite of the Earth - the Moon appeared. 4500 Ma ago in the Gadey aeon the geological history of the Earth began. At this time, the endogenous processes on the Earth were controlled to a great extent by meteorite-asteroid bombardments, which caused large-scale melting and differentiation of the upper shells of the Earth. In the magmatic chambers differentiation proceeded until the appearance of melts of granitoid composition. The continental crust of Gadey time was almost completely destroyed by meteoric bombardments, the last heavy bombardment occurred at the end of the Gadey aeon 4000-3900 Ma ago. The geological situation of the Gadey time can be judged only from the preserved zircons from the rocks of that epoch. In particular, their geochemical features indicate that the Earth has an atmosphere. The Gadey eon was replaced by the Archean one, from which the processes of self-organization began to predominate on the Earth. At this time, a crust composed of komatiite-basalt and tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) series of rocks was formed. In its formation, the processes of sagduction (vertical growth of the crust) over the rising mantle plumes was played the leading role. At the same time the lower basaltic crust was bured in the mantle, eclogitized and melted, which led to the appearance of the sodium series of TTG rocks. At the end of the Archean 3.1-3.0 Ga tectonics of the cover (LID tectonics), which determined the style of the structure and development of the Archean crust, is replaced by the tectonics of small plates, which was later replaced by modern tectonics - the tectonics of plates combined with mantle plumes
Π ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ«Π ΠΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ ΠΠ Π‘ΠΠΠΠ ΠβΠΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠΠ Π‘ΠΠΠΠ Π‘ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠ’ΠΠΠ
The Early Cambrian tectonomagmatic activation is manifested in the northeastern passive margin of the Siberian Craton within the area of the Olenek uplift, as well as in the Kharaulakh segment of the Verkhoyansk foldβ thrust belt that was thrusted onto the craton in the Mesozoic. In the Olenek uplift, igneous rocks occur as basite diβ atremes, small basalt covers, dolerite dykes and sills intruded into the overlying Upper Vendian carbonate sediments. Stratiform bodies of explosive breccias are present in basal sandstones at the bottom of the Lower Cambrian sediment section. According to the zirconβbased UβPb datings [Bowring et al., 1993], the age of explosive basite breccias samples from the Olenek uplift (543.9Β±0.24 Ma) correlates with the age of potashβrhyolites (534.6Β±0.5 Ma) from the basal Lower Cambrian conglomerates in the Kharaulakh uplift section. The geodynamic evolution of the northeastern marβ gin of the Siberian craton at the end of the Vendian and the beginning of the Cambrian periods is reflected not only in the magmatism, but also in the thicknesses and facial characteristics of the correlating sediments of the regional pasβ sive sea basins [Pelechaty et al., 1996]. The northern and eastern margins of the craton were subject to progressive uplifting at the end of the Vendian, which resulted in dewatering and paleokarsting. Uplifting was associated with the formation of siliceous clastic shelf sediments in the southern margin of the basin and the explosive and intrusive basite magmatic activations in the Olenek uplift and rhyolite bimodalβbasite magmatic activation in the Kharaulakh uplift. The observed VendianβCambrian stratigraphic relations and manifestations of the basite magmatism suggest that at the northeastern margin of the craton, the lithosphere was subject to stretching. The assumed rift volcanicβ sedimentary associations are thin and represent the southern, the most remote part of the shoulder of the rift deveβ loped (in presentβday coordinates) along the northern margin of the Siberian Craton. The chemical specificity of the Lower Cambrian basites and their mantle sources, the bimodal rhyoliteβbasalt magmatism, and the VendianβCambrian sedimentation history provide sufficient arguments to consider the Early Paleozoic rifting and the associated magmaβ tic activation as consequences of the plumeβlithosphere interaction in the northeastern Siberian Craton. The paleoreβ constructions [Sears, 2012; Khudoley et al., 2013] suggest that the main rifting events occurred due to the lithosphere breakup through the junction zone of the Siberian and North American cratons which existed in the Early Cambrian. It is also assumed that the breakup was accompanied by the formation of a large igneous province which relics are preβ sent in the basin complex of the Canadian Cordillera in North America, as well as in the Olenek and Kharaulakh uplifts. The Early Paleozoic rifting and magmatism may reflect the final phase of the disintegration of the Rodinia supercontiβ nent fragments.Π Π°Π½Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΎβΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ½Π° Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ
ΠΠ»Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠΈΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π°Ρ
ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π½Π΄Π° ΠΠ΅ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΎβΠ½Π°Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°, Π½Π°Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ½ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ΅. ΠΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΠ»Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊ Π²Π·ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ² Π±Π°Π·Π°Π»ΡΡΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π΅ΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½Π΅Π²Π΅Π½Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ° Π±Π°Π·Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅Π·Π° Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ»Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ UβPb ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΌ [Bowring et al., 1993], ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 543.9Β±0.24 ΠΌΠ»Π½ Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π³Π°Π»ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² (534.6Β±0.5 ΠΌΠ»Π½ Π»Π΅Ρ) ΠΈΠ· Π±Π°Π·Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π³Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π°Ρ
ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΎβΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ½Π° Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅Π½Π΄Π° ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ ΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π° Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ² [Pelechaty et al., 1996]. Π ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅Π½Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΡ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΊ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°. Π‘ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½Π΅ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Π΅ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠ·ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΠ»Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡβΠ±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ Π½Π° Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π°Ρ
ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π²Π΅Π½Π΄βΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΎβΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ Π²ΡΠ»ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎβΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΡΠΆΠ½ΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ (Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Ρ
) ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ½Π°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡβΠ±Π°Π·Π°Π»ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π²Π΅Π½Π΄βΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π· ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»ΡΠΌβΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΎβΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ΅ Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ½Π°. Π ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ [Sears, 2012; Khudoley et al., 2013] ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π‘ΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΎβΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ» ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Π² Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΠ°Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π‘Π΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ
ΠΠ»Π΅Π½Π΅ΠΊΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΡΠ»Π°Ρ
ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅ΠΏΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π· ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄Π° ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ° Π ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ
- β¦