disrupting routine: the expansion of precedent

Iconic architecture has presented a preferential nature to the establishment of architectural work. Academically, only the architectural a-side is presented to students. It is used as a means to develop, measure, and identify good work. Meanwhile, the architectural B-side is deliberately hidden away and censored by the profession. It exploits the perverse - displaying all of architecture’s failures, glitches, and anomalies.1 However, the notion of the a and b sides also presents problematic consequences. Prescribing architecture as either a or b side is problematic - it creates a divide between iconic architecture and all the other works deemed ‘insignificant’. Even the manner in which the architectural routine has catered to the development of iconic works must be challenged. The process or \u27routine\u27 of architectural development does not provide a means for exploration into other affinities or even allow the ability to explore in \u27non-traditional\u27 methods; instead, it prioritizes efficiency rather than production. Originally aiming to exposé the preferential nature of the architectural icons through the architectural a and b sides, this thesis will serve as a means of developing architectural investigations to expand the references and, in turn the voices that are included within the dialog of architectural design

Mechanical Stress Modulates Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in Human PDL

Orthodontic movement of teeth with compromised periodontium is risky because heavy orthodontic force could exacerbate the damaged periodontal status. Guidelines for moving periodontally-compromised teeth have not been established due to the lack of scientific evidence about the relationship between periodontal inflammation and mechanical force. In periodontitis, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is recognized in the periodontal ligament (PDL) by toll-like receptors (TLR) which leads to destruction of periodontal tissues through inflammatory cascades. Recent studies have demonstrated that absence of TLR2 and TLR4 leads to reduced alveolar bone loss in mice. Therefore, reduction of TLR2 and TLR4 on PDL cells can have a protective effect against the attack by periodontal pathogens and, accordingly, decrease susceptibility to periodontal disease. The objective of the study was to explore the effect of mechanical stress on the expression of toll-like receptors on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLF).Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLF) were cultured and seeded on glass slides. Upon confluence, the cells were starved for 24 hours and then subjected to fluid shear stress (FSS) for 1 hour. After FSS, the cells were lysed to test the phosphorylation of extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and the expressions of TLR2 and TLR4. To explore the possible involvement of MAPK (ERK1/2) signaling pathway, a specific ERK1/2 inhibitor was added during the flow. The whole cell lysates from each group were immunoblotted with anti-TLR2 and anti-TLR4 antibodies. The signals of interest were determined using the ECL method. For quantification, densitometries of gel bands of interest were normalized to that of vinculin. One-way ANOVA with Tukey\u27s post hoc test was used to compare the results among the experimental groups, with p value being set at 0.05. As found, TLR4 but not TLR2 was abundantly expressed in hPDLF cells. Compared to the static controls, FSS significantly reduced the expression of TLR4. When PD98059 was added, the FSS-induced reduction of TLR4 was significantly recovered back to the control level. Conclusively, mechanical stress down-regulates the expression of TLR4, which is mediated by MAPK signaling pathway. Our findings suggest that FSS (mimicking light orthodontic force application) could possibly alleviate the compromised periodontal status via down-regulation of TLR4

Analyzation of Sandpit Lakes in Grand Island, Nebraska

The oxford dictionary defines “dichotomy” as, “noun: a division or contrast between two things that are or are represented as being opposed or entirely different.” In the context of Grand Island, Nebraska, a dichotomy exists in the development of housing. In the 1900s, sand quarrying began along the railroad in Grand Island. When the sand was dredged up from these quarries, the floodplain began to fill in holes over 5 feet deep, creating man-made lakes. As these lakes grew the sand could no longer be quarried, recreation and housing began to develop on their shores. The housing developments, in particular, created a dichotomy: the design of suburbs - cul de sacs, winding roads, sprawl - began occurring around these partially naturally occurring bodies of water, following the shoreline. Soil, or the organic material, sand, has proven prosperous for the city of Grand Island. Financial benefits of the sand quarrying industry, result in not only profit for the companies and therefore an economic increase in the area, but also for the housing and recreational activities that are developing around the lakes created from the quarries. Due to the increase of housing developments, parks, and fishing lakes, Grand Island has experienced an increase in population as well as a diversity of the surrounding environment in the city. Instead of the arbitrary sprawl of many suburbs, the development of housing follows the curves of man-made lakes. In some instances various lakes were quarried in a random fashion, however, others were quarried with a plan to develop them in the future. Through the analysis of these lakes, different patterns and information have been found and the drawings represent the gradual growth and change of these lakes over time. Ranging from currently quarried lakes to currently developed lakes, the history of each lake is represented

Low temperature specific heat of La_{3}Pd_{4}Ge_{4} with U_{3}Ni_{4}Si_{4}-type structure

Low temperature specific heat has been investigated in a novel ternary superconductor La_{3}Pd_{4}Ge_{4} with an U_{3}Ni_{4}Si_{4}-type structure consisting of the alternating BaAl_{4} (ThCr_{2}Si_{2})- and AlB$_{2}$-type layers. A comparative study with the related ThCr_{2}Si_{2}-type superconductor LaPd_{2}Ge_{2}, one of the layers in La_{3}Pd_{4}Ge_{4}, is also presented. From the normal state specific heat, the Sommerfeld coefficient $\gamma_{n} = 27.0$ mJ/mol K^2 and the Debye temperature $\Theta_{\rm D}$ = 256 K are derived for the La_{3}Pd_{4}Ge_{4}, while those for the LaPd_{2}Ge_{2} are $\gamma_{n} =8.26$ mJ/mol K^2 and $\Theta_{\rm D}$ = 291 K. The La_{3}Pd_{4}Ge_{4} has moderately high electronic density of state at the Fermi level. Electronic contribution on the specific heat, $C_{\rm el}$, in each compound is well described by the BCS behavior, suggesting that both of the La_{3}Pd_{4}Ge_{4} and the LaPd_{2}Ge_{2} have fully opened isotropic gap in the superconducting state

Orientation relationships between icosahedral clusters in hexagonal MgZn2 and monoclinic Mg4Zn7 phases in Mg-Zn(-Y) alloys

Intermetallic precipitates formed in heat-treated and aged Mg-Zn and Mg-Zn-Y alloys have been investigated via electron microscopy. Coarse spheroidal precipitates formed on deformation twin boundaries contained domains belonging to either the MgZn2 hexagonal Laves phase or the monoclinic Mg4Zn7 phase. Both phases are structurally related to the quasi-crystalline phase formed in Mg-Zn-Y alloys, containing icosahedrally coordinated zinc atoms arranged as a series of broad rhombohedral units. This rhombohedral arrangement was also visible in intragranular precipitates where local regions with the structures of hexagonal MgZn2 and Mg4Zn7 were found. The orientation adopted by the MgZn2 and Mg4Zn7 phases in twin-boundary and intragranular precipitates was such that the icosahedral clusters were aligned similarly. These results highlight the close structural similarities between the precipitates of the Mg-Zn-Y alloy system.Comment: Corrected proof. 11 pages, 5 figures. Eleventh International Conference on Quasicrystals:13-18 June 2010, Sapporo. This is an electronic version of an article published in Philosophical Magazine, 91(19-21):2634-2644, 2011. doi: 10.1080/14786435.2010.541168 Philosophical Magazine is available online at: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tphm2

Magmatism of the Devonian Altai-Sayan Rift System: Geological and geochemical evidence for diverse plume-lithosphere interactions

The geodynamic environment of the 407–392 Ma Altai-Sayan Rift System is characterized using previously published and new original data on whole rock, trace and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions, along with U-Pb zircon ages. Five magmatic associations are present: basalt (basalts and basaltic trachyandesites), continuous (basalts, andesites, dacite-rhyolites), alkaline (basalts, nephelinite, tephrite, phonotephrite, phonolite, teralite, ijolite-urthite, foyaite, nepheline and alkaline syenite), bimodal (trachybasalts, trachyrhyolites-pantellerites and peralkaline granites) and ultramafic-mafic (picrites and picrodolerites). Mafic rocks of basalt, continuous, alkaline, and bimodal associations exhibit a wide variation of TiO2 (from 1.05 to 4.05 wt%) and are compositionally intermediate between intraplate basalts of OIB type and basalts of active continental margins IAB type. The TiO2 content in these mafic rocks correlates directly with the content of large ion lithophile elements (LILE), rare-earth elements (REE), high field strength elements (HSFE), and particularly with Nb and Ta. The basaltic samples have positive εNd(395) values (+3.4 to +7.7) and a large range of εSr(395) values (−13.6 to +12.6). εSr(395) decreases with increasing TiO2 abundance. Pantellerites and alkaline granites have ore-level concentrations of Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, REE; and they have similar Sr and Nd isotope parameters to those of the high-Ti basalts. This indicates their origin via fractionation of mantle magmas. Rhyolite samples are depleted in rare incompatible elements, but have low positive εNd(395) values (+1.5 to +1.8), and εSr(395) values (+16.6 to +20.6), and they compositionally resemble the rocks produced from anatectic magmas of crustal origin. Whole-rock elemental and isotopic data suggest that the mafic rocks were likely derived from lithospheric mantle that was metasomatized during the prior Caledonian accretion/subduction event. In combination with the field relationship and regional geology, our study suggests that the rock associations from the Devonian Altai-Sayan Rift System were derived by the activity of mantle plumes

The early evolution of the earth, the beginning of its geological history: how and when the granitoid magmas appeared

The Earth has a number of differences from the planets of the Solar System and other star-planetary systems. These differences were acquired during its formation and geological history. In the early Chaotic eon occurred the accretion of the Earth, the separation of the primary substance of the Earth into a mantle and a nucleus, a satellite of the Earth - the Moon appeared. 4500 Ma ago in the Gadey aeon the geological history of the Earth began. At this time, the endogenous processes on the Earth were controlled to a great extent by meteorite-asteroid bombardments, which caused large-scale melting and differentiation of the upper shells of the Earth. In the magmatic chambers differentiation proceeded until the appearance of melts of granitoid composition. The continental crust of Gadey time was almost completely destroyed by meteoric bombardments, the last heavy bombardment occurred at the end of the Gadey aeon 4000-3900 Ma ago. The geological situation of the Gadey time can be judged only from the preserved zircons from the rocks of that epoch. In particular, their geochemical features indicate that the Earth has an atmosphere. The Gadey eon was replaced by the Archean one, from which the processes of self-organization began to predominate on the Earth. At this time, a crust composed of komatiite-basalt and tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) series of rocks was formed. In its formation, the processes of sagduction (vertical growth of the crust) over the rising mantle plumes was played the leading role. At the same time the lower basaltic crust was bured in the mantle, eclogitized and melted, which led to the appearance of the sodium series of TTG rocks. At the end of the Archean 3.1-3.0 Ga tectonics of the cover (LID tectonics), which determined the style of the structure and development of the Archean crust, is replaced by the tectonics of small plates, which was later replaced by modern tectonics - the tectonics of plates combined with mantle plumes

РАННЕПАЛЕОЗОЙСКИЙ БАЗИТОВЫЙ МАГМАТИЗМ НА СЕВЕРО‐ВОСТОКЕ СИБИРСКОГО КРАТОНА

The Early Cambrian tectonomagmatic activation is manifested in the northeastern passive margin of the Siberian Craton within the area of the Olenek uplift, as well as in the Kharaulakh segment of the Verkhoyansk fold‐ thrust belt that was thrusted onto the craton in the Mesozoic. In the Olenek uplift, igneous rocks occur as basite di‐ atremes, small basalt covers, dolerite dykes and sills intruded into the overlying Upper Vendian carbonate sediments. Stratiform bodies of explosive breccias are present in basal sandstones at the bottom of the Lower Cambrian sediment section. According to the zircon‐based U‐Pb datings [Bowring et al., 1993], the age of explosive basite breccias samples from the Olenek uplift (543.9±0.24 Ma) correlates with the age of potash‐rhyolites (534.6±0.5 Ma) from the basal Lower Cambrian conglomerates in the Kharaulakh uplift section. The geodynamic evolution of the northeastern mar‐ gin of the Siberian craton at the end of the Vendian and the beginning of the Cambrian periods is reflected not only in the magmatism, but also in the thicknesses and facial characteristics of the correlating sediments of the regional pas‐ sive sea basins [Pelechaty et al., 1996]. The northern and eastern margins of the craton were subject to progressive uplifting at the end of the Vendian, which resulted in dewatering and paleokarsting. Uplifting was associated with the formation of siliceous clastic shelf sediments in the southern margin of the basin and the explosive and intrusive basite magmatic activations in the Olenek uplift and rhyolite bimodal‐basite magmatic activation in the Kharaulakh uplift. The observed Vendian‐Cambrian stratigraphic relations and manifestations of the basite magmatism suggest that at the northeastern margin of the craton, the lithosphere was subject to stretching. The assumed rift volcanic‐ sedimentary associations are thin and represent the southern, the most remote part of the shoulder of the rift deve‐ loped (in present‐day coordinates) along the northern margin of the Siberian Craton. The chemical specificity of the Lower Cambrian basites and their mantle sources, the bimodal rhyolite‐basalt magmatism, and the Vendian‐Cambrian sedimentation history provide sufficient arguments to consider the Early Paleozoic rifting and the associated magma‐ tic activation as consequences of the plume–lithosphere interaction in the northeastern Siberian Craton. The paleore‐ constructions [Sears, 2012; Khudoley et al., 2013] suggest that the main rifting events occurred due to the lithosphere breakup through the junction zone of the Siberian and North American cratons which existed in the Early Cambrian. It is also assumed that the breakup was accompanied by the formation of a large igneous province which relics are pre‐ sent in the basin complex of the Canadian Cordillera in North America, as well as in the Olenek and Kharaulakh uplifts. The Early Paleozoic rifting and magmatism may reflect the final phase of the disintegration of the Rodinia superconti‐ nent fragments.Раннекембрийская тектономагматическая активизация проявлена на северо‐восточной пассивной окраине Сибирского кратона в пределах Оленекского поднятия, а также в Хараулахском сегменте форланда Верхоянского складчато‐надвигового пояса, надвинутого на кратон в мезозое. Магматические образования на Оленекском поднятии выражены в виде базитовых трубок взрыва, небольших покровов базальтов, а также даек и силлов долеритов, прорывающих и перекрывающих верхневендские карбонатные отложения. На базальных песчаниках в основании разреза нижнекембрийских отложений участками присутствуют стратиформные тела эксплозивных брекчий. Возраст эксплозивных брекчий Оленекского поднятия, определенный U‐Pb методом по цирконам [Bowring et al., 1993], имеет значение 543.9±0.24 млн лет и коррелируется с возрастом гальки калиевых риолитов (534.6±0.5 млн лет) из базальных нижнекембрийских конгломератов в разрезе Хараулахского поднятия. Геодинамическая эволюция северо‐восточной окраины Сибирского кратона в конце венда и начале кембрия отражена не только в магматизме, но и в мощностях и фациальных характеристиках коррелятных отложений региональных пассивных морских бассейнов [Pelechaty et al., 1996]. В конце венда обращенные к северу и востоку внешние части окраины кратона испытали прогрессивное воздымание, приведшее к осушению и образованию палеокарста. С поднятием связано образование кремнекластических шельфовых осадков в южной окраине бассейна, а также эксплозивный и интрузивный базитовый магматизм на Оленекском поднятии и бимодальный риолит‐базитовый магматизм на Хараулахском поднятии. Наблюдаемые венд‐кембрийские стратиграфические соотношения и проявления базитового магматизма свидетельствуют о том, что литосфера северо‐восточной окраины кратона вовлекалась в растяжение. Отнесенные к рифтовым вулканогенно‐осадочные ассоциации являются маломощными и представляют южную, наиболее удаленную, часть плеча рифта, который развивался (в современных координатах) по северному краю Сибирского кратона. Вещественная специфика нижнекембрийских базитов и их мантийных источников, наличие бимодального риолит‐базальтового магматизма в совокупности с историей венд‐кембрийского осадконакопления являются достаточным основанием, позволяющим рассматривать раннекембрийский рифтогенез и сопряженный с ним магматизм как следствие плюм‐литосферного взаимодействия на северо‐востоке Сибирского кратона. В соответствии с палеореконструкциями [Sears, 2012; Khudoley et al., 2013] можно предполагать, что основные рифтогенные события были порождены литосферным расколом, прошедшим через зону сочленения Сибирского и Северо‐Американского кратонов, существовавшую в раннем кембрии. Предполагается, что раскол сопровождался образованием крупной магматической провинции, реликты которой сохранились в бассейновых комплексах канадских Кордильер Северной Америки, а также в пределах Оленекского и Хараулахского поднятий. Возможно, раннепалеозойский рифтогенез и магматизм отражают завершающую фазу распада фрагментов суперконтинента Родиния