Development Of Ionic Liquid As Catalyst For Transesterification Reaction

Ionic liquid had a various uses and among them is as catalyst in a reaction. This research was carried out to synthesis and developed the choline chloride based ionic liquid to investigate their ability as a catalyst in transesterification reaction. The ionic liquid synthesized was choline chloride.2ZnCl2 and choline.2urea based system. Both of the ionic liquid synthesize were characterized by using Infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR & 13C NMR). Characterization result confirmed the functional group and the structure of the ionic liquids was as expected. Both ionic liquid were applied as a catalyst for the transesterification reaction and the resulting product was analyzed by GC-FID and GCxGC-MS (ToF). The transesterification reaction of palm olein and buthanol with the presence of choline chloride.2ZnCl2 gives 25.7% yields while with the use of choline chloride.2urea gives 25.0% yields. The results show that the acidity of choline chloride.2ZnCl2 and the basic properties of the choline chloride.2urea were not really suitable to be used as catalyst in the transesterification reaction

Lubricity Characterizations of Sebacic Acid Based Ester

The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of long-chain and branch alcohol on lubricity of sebacic acid based ester. Since currently synthesis of a new lubricant to improve the lubricity properties and quality of lubricant is increasing, in this study, sebacic acid esters were synthesized by the conventional esterification method with some modification using sulfuric acid (SA) as catalyst. Twelve samples of sebacic acid esters with different chemical structures were synthesized including di-2-octyl sebacate, didecyl sebacate, di-2 ethylhexanol sebacate, di-2-ethylbutyl sebacate and dioleyl sebacate. These diesters were tested in terms of their suitability as lubricant. The results showed that the pour point, flash point and oxidation stability were affected by liner and branch of the alcohol used. Di-2-ethylbutyl sebacate (D2EBS) and di-2-ethylhexanol sebacate (D2EHS) showed very low pour point at -44°C and -60°C respectively, while the same carbon number of dihexyl sebacate (DHS) and dioctyl sebacate (DOS) recorded high pour point at 8°C and 15 °C respectively. These differences were due to the presence of the branching. DOS recorded the highest oxidative stability at 290°C. However, there was a slight negative effect of the branching on the flash point

Ordered layered organic-inorganic of 4-chlorophenoxyacetate-zinc layered hydroxide nanohybrid

Ordered layered organic‐inorganic nanostructure composed of zinc layered hydroxide‐4‐chlorophenoxy acetate (ZLH‐4CPA) was prepared by reaction of an organic anion, 4‐chlorophenoxy acetate (4CPA) with ZnO under aqueous environment. The concentration of 4CPA was found to be a controlling factor in determining the formation of phase pure, well ordered nanolayered hybrid material. At lower concentration of 4CPA (0.05 M), a mixed phase was observed in which ZnO co‐existed with the nanohybrid. At 0.01 M, a pure phase is obtained with high crystallinity but a well ordered nanolayered structure is lacking. A pure phase, well ordered nanolayered hybrid can be clearly observed at 0.2 M 4CPA. ZnO shows well defined grain structure of various sizes at nanometer scale range. Direct reaction between ZnO and 4CPA under aqueous environment resulted in the formation of 4CPA‐ZLH nanohybrid with flake‐like fibrous structure. On heating at 500° C for 5 h under atmospheric condition, the nanohybrid was transformed back to well defined grain structure, as previously observed for the starting materials, ZnO. This shows that the nanohybrid has “memory effect” property. Well ordered nanolayered hybrid with up to 5 harmonics, from which the average basal spacing of 19.03 Å of the material was deduced, showing long range order of the layer packing

N-[(Piperidin-1-yl)carbothioyl]benz­amide

In the title compound, C13H16N2OS, the piperidine ring exhibit a classical chair conformation. In the crystal, the mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming zigzag chains running parallel to the c axis

Palm-based nonionic surfactants as emulsifiers for high internal phase emulsions

In the present study, a series of as-synthesized palm-based nonionic surfactants with various hydrophile–lipophile balance values were successfully synthesized. The critical micelle concentration and the Gibbs energy of the surfactants were determined and discussed. For the first time, the surfactants were used to stabilize three-component olein oil-in-water high internal phase emulsions, with an oil volume fraction of 0.85, and which were easily prepared by one-pot homogenization. Proof of high stability was confirmed by the satisfactory rheological profiles and further enhanced by a three-month storage exercise at an elevated temperature which showed no significant physical and rheological changes. These results suggest that low concentration of the surfactants efficiently stabilized the emulsions with high content of oil. Based on the optical micrograph observation, an average droplet size of less than 10 μm increased with increasing ethylene oxide chain length and temperature. The varying degree of viscosity resulted from the various ethylene oxide chain lengths of the surfactants. The hydration efficacy of the emulsions was examined in vivo using a corneometer. The impressive hydration efficacy of olein oil suggests that it could well be a potential moisturizing lipid which might interest dermatologists

Characterization and catalytic activity of os/bentonite catalyst for hydrogenolysis of glycerol = Pencirian dan aktiviti pemangkin os/bentonit untuk tindak balas hidrogenolisis gliserol

In this study, osmium catalysts (Os/Bentonite, Os/TiO2 ) and ruthenium catalysts (Ru/Bentonite, Ru/TiO2 ) with 5% wt/wt metal loading were prepared using impregnation method and applied to convert glycerol, a renewable feedstock, to value-added chemical, 1,2-propanediol. Among these catalysts, the bentonite supported Os catalyst showed high performance with conversion and selectivity to 1,2-propanediol which were 63.3% and 82.7%, respectively. Catalytic performances of these catalysts were evaluated in glycerol hydrogenolysis using stainless steel autoclave reactor equipped with a magnetic stirrer at 150 C, hydrogen pressure 20 - 40 bar for 7 hours reaction. The effect of glycerol concentration and reaction temperature were investigated to obtain optimum conditions due to glycerol conversion and products selectivity greatly depend on these factors. Experimental results show that hydrogenolysis of glycerol at 160 C reaction temperature and 5% glycerol concentration gives a conversion of glycerol up to 100.0% with 82.9% selectivity of 1,2-propandiol. This study showed that bentonite which is cheap and abundant clay is potentially a good catalyst support material. The Os/bentonite catalyst was characterized by Temperature Programmed Reduction (TPR), nitrogen adsorption-desorption analysis (BET), Temperature Programmed Desorption-Ammonia(TPD-NH3 ) for obtaining some physicochemical properties of the catalysts. ******************************************************************************* Dalam kajian ini, pemangkin osmium (Os/bentonit, Os/TiO2 ) dan pemangkin ruthenium (Ru/bentonite, Ru/TiO2 ) dengan muatan logam 5% wt/wt disediakan dengan menggunakan kaedah impregnasi dan diaplikasikan kepada penukaran gliserol yang merupakan bahan mentah yang boleh diperbaharui kepada bahan kimia yang bernilai tinggi iaitu 1,2-propanadiol. Antara pemangkin yang dikaji, Os berpenyokong bentonit menunjukkan sifat pemangkin yang baik dengan nilai peratus penukaran dan pemilihan masing-masing adalah 63.3% dan 82.7%. Aktiviti pemangkin diuji dalam tindak balas hidrogenolisi gliserol menggunakan reaktor autoklaf tahan karat yang dilengkapi dengan pengacau magnetik pada suhu 150 ⁰C, tekanan hidrogen 20- 40 bar selama 7 jam. Kesan kepekatan gliserol dan suhu tindak balas didapati memberi kesan signifikasi terhadap peratus penukaran gliserol dan pemilihan produk. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan bahawa keadaan optimum pada suhu 160 ⁰C dan kepekatan gliserol 5% (wt/wt) memberikan penukaran gliserol sehingga 90.0% dengan peratus pemilihan terhadap 1,2- propanadiol 82.9%. Kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa bentonit yang merupakan tanah liat murah dan mudah didapati adalah berpotensi digunakan sebagai penyokong mangkin. Pemangkin Os/bentonit dicirikan menggunakan suhu pemprograman penurunan (TPR), analisis jerapan-nyahjerapan nitrogen (BET), suhu pemprograman nyahjerapan ammonia (TPD-NH3) bagi mendapatkan maklumat mengenai sifat fizikal dan kimia pemangkin

Protease extraction from Horse mango (Mangifera foetida lour) kernels

Horse mango is one of the tropical fruits that belongs from a family Anacardiaceae (mango). However, its latex is notorious for human skin due to blistering effect, suggesting the presence of strong proteolytic activity. In general, the extraction of enzymes from plants is comparatively difficult due to the presence of indigenous polyphenoloxidases and high concentration of polyphenolic compounds which promote enzymatic browning resulting in the inactivation of the enzymes and therefore compared to animals and micro-organisms, higher plants have not received much attention for enzyme histochemistry. During recent year, several new methods have been developed and many of the existing ones have been improved. These methods have been applied to the plant enzyme to understanding the properties of the enzyme. Therefore, this book is written for the scientists who are primary interested in histochemical detection of protease in plants especially horse mango (Mangifera foetida Lour). Procedure to extract, identify and assay activity in the horse mango are also given. The procedures include recommended methods and all of them have been checked by the author themselves and published in the Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry and Malaysia Journal of Chemistry

Association phenomenon of esters in water/surfactant/co-surfactant/hydrocarbon system

The pseudoternary phase diagrams of water/sodium dodecyl suphate(SDS):hexan-1-ol(35:65)/hydrocarbon/esters were prepared. The esters used are ethyl-n-butyrate, ethyl benzoate, methyl oleate and methyl linolenate. While the hydrocarbons are n-decane and p-xylene. The solubility area of the W/O microemulsion region was found to be largest in ethyl-n-butyrate followed by ethyl benzoate, methyl oleate and methyl linolenate for all of the systems. No appreciable difference in the W/O microemulsion region was observed as the n-decane was substituted with p-xylene

Synthesis of a Layered Organic-Inorganic Nanohybrid of 4-Chlorophenoxyacetate-zinc-Layered Hydroxide with Sustained Release Properties

A zinc-layered hydroxide-4-chlorophenoxy acetate (4CPA) organic-inorganic nanohybrid was prepared using a simple direct reaction of 4CPA anions with ZnO under an aqueous environment to be used as a controlled release formulation of the herbicide, 4CPA. The concentration of the active agent, 4CPA, was found to be a controlling factor for the formation of a pure phase well-ordered nanolayered hybrid in which it could be synthesised at 0.2 M 4CPA. ZnO shows a well-defined grain structure of variable size in the nanometre range. However, the formation of the 4CPA-ZLH nanohybrid resulted in a flake-like fibrous structure. On heating at 500°C for 5 h under atmospheric conditions, the nanohybrid transformed back to a well-defined grain structure, as previously observed with the starting material, ZnO. The release of 4CPA was found to occur in a controlled manner and was generally governed by pseudo-second-order kinetics

In-situ Alkaline Transesterification of Jatropha curcas seed Oil for Production of Biodiesel and Nontoxic Jatropha seed Cake

The production of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) by direct in situ alkaline-catalyzed transesterification of the triglycerides (TG) in Jatropha curcas seeds was examined. The experimental results showed that the amount of Jatropha curcas seed oil dissolved in methanol was approximately 83% of the total oil and the conversion of this oil could achieve 98% under the following conditions: less than 2% moisture content in Jatropha curcas seed flours, 0.3–0.335 mm particle size, 0.08 mol/L NaOH concentration in methanol, 171:1 methanol/oil mole ratio, 45.66 oC reaction temperature and 3.02 h reaction time. The use of alkaline methanol as extraction and reaction solvent, which would be useful for extraction oil and phorbol esters, would reduce the phorbol esters content in the Jatropha curcas seed cake. The cake after in-situ transesterification is rich in protein and is a potential source of livestock feed. Further, the the toxicity studies were also investigated on male rate by feeding the seed cake after after in-situ transesterification as well as the from solvent and mechanical extraction. Food intake, growth rate, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and transformation index (TI) showed that the meal is potential as protein supplement to livestock feed