The East Greenland Coastal Current : structure, variability, and forcing

Author Posting. © Elsevier B.V. , 2008. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Progress In Oceanography 78 (2008): 58-77, doi:10.1016/j.pocean.2007.09.006.The subtidal circulation of the southeast Greenland shelf is described using a set of high-resolution hydrographic and velocity transects occupied in summer 2004. The main feature is the East Greenland Coastal Current (EGCC), a low-salinity, high-velocity jet with a wedge-shaped hydrographic structure characteristic of other surface buoyancydriven currents. The EGCC was observed along the entire Greenland shelf south of Denmark Strait, while the transect north of the strait showed only a weak shelf flow. This observation, in conjunction with water mass considerations and other supporting evidence, suggests that the EGCC is an inner branch of the East Greenland Current (EGC) that forms south of Denmark Strait. It is argued that bathymetric steering is the most likely reason why the EGC apparently bifurcates at this location. Repeat sections occupied at Cape Farewell between 1997 and 2004 show that the alongshelf wind stress can have a strong influence on the structure and strength of the EGCC and EGC on timescales of 2-3 days. Accounting for the wind-induced effects, the volume transport of the combined EGCC/EGC system is roughly constant (~2 Sv) over the study domain, from 68°N to Cape Farewell near 60°N. The corresponding freshwater transport increases by roughly 60% over this distance (59 to 96 mSv, referenced to a salinity of 34.8). This trend is consistent with a simple freshwater budget of the EGCC/EGC system that accounts for meltwater runoff, melting sea-ice and icebergs, and net precipitation minus evaporation.This work was funded by the National Science Foundation grant OCE-0450658. DS was also partially supported by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Academic Programs Office

ВЛИЯНИЕ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПРИМЕСЕЙ НА ВОЛЬТ-АМПЕРНЫЕ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ БИПОЛЯРНОГО n–p–n-ТРАНЗИСТОРА

Contamination of the monocrystal silicon with technological impurities in the devices fabrication process exerts a considerable influence on the electro-physical characteristics of the bipolar n–p–n-transistors. Revelation of the causes of the labile reproducibility of the basic characteristics of the bipolar planar n–p–n-transistors is vital for the purpose of establishing the factors, determining reliability and stability of the operational parameters of the integrated circuits. There were investigated I–V characteristics of the various lots of the bipolar n–p–n-transistors, fabricated under the epitaxialplanar technology as per the similar process charts with the identical used technological materials, however, at different times. It is established that the electro-physical characteristics of the bipolar n–p–n-transistors substantially depend on the contents of the technological impurities in the substrate material. Availability of the high concentration of the generation-recombination centers, related to the metallic impurities, results both in increase of the reverse current of the collector – base junction of the transistors and the significant reduction of the breakdown voltage of the collector junction. The most probable cause of deterioration of the electro-physical parameters of the bipolar n–p–n-transistors is the material contamination with the technological impurities (such, as Fe, Cl, Ca, Cu, Zn and others) during the production process of the devices fabrication. The sources of impurity may be both the components and sub-assemblies of the technological units and the materials and reagents under usage.Загрязнение монокристаллического кремния технологическими примесями в процессе изготов- ления приборов оказывает существенное влияние на электрофизические характеристики биполярных n–p–n-тран- зисторов. Выявление причин лабильной воспроизводимости основных характеристик биполярных планарных n–p–n-транзисторов является актуальным с целью установления факторов, определяющих надежность и стабильность эксплуатационных параметров интегральных микросхем. Исследованы вольт-амперные характеристики различных партий биполярных n–p–n-транзисторов, изготовленных по эпитаксиально-планарной технологии по аналогичным технологическим маршрутам, при идентичных используемых технологических материалах, однако в различное время. Установлено, что электрофизические характеристики биполярных n–p–n-транзисторов существенным образом зависят от содержания технологических примесей в материале подложки. Наличие высокой концентрации генерационно-рекомбинационных центров, связанных с металлическими примесями, приводит как к увеличению обратного тока через переход коллектор–база транзисторов, так и к существенному снижению напряжения пробоя коллек- торного перехода. Наиболее вероятной причиной ухудшения электрофизических параметров биполярных n–p–nтранзисторов является загрязнение материала технологическими примесями (такими, как Fe, Cl, Ca, Cu, Zn и др.) во время производственного процесса изготовления приборов. Источниками загрязнений могут служить как детали и узлы технологических установок, так и используемые материалы и реактивы

Network analysis of human glaucomatous optic nerve head astrocytes

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Astrocyte activation is a characteristic response to injury in the central nervous system, and can be either neurotoxic or neuroprotective, while the regulation of both roles remains elusive.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>To decipher the regulatory elements controlling astrocyte-mediated neurotoxicity in glaucoma, we conducted a systems-level functional analysis of gene expression, proteomic and genetic data associated with reactive optic nerve head astrocytes (ONHAs).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Our reconstruction of the molecular interactions affected by glaucoma revealed multi-domain biological networks controlling activation of ONHAs at the level of intercellular stimuli, intracellular signaling and core effectors. The analysis revealed that synergistic action of the transcription factors AP-1, vitamin D receptor and Nuclear Factor-kappaB in cross-activation of multiple pathways, including inflammatory cytokines, complement, clusterin, ephrins, and multiple metabolic pathways. We found that the products of over two thirds of genes linked to glaucoma by genetic analysis can be functionally interconnected into one epistatic network via experimentally-validated interactions. Finally, we built and analyzed an integrative disease pathology network from a combined set of genes revealed in genetic studies, genes differentially expressed in glaucoma and closely connected genes/proteins in the interactome.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our results suggest several key biological network modules that are involved in regulating neurotoxicity of reactive astrocytes in glaucoma, and comprise potential targets for cell-based therapy.</p

Research of Mechanical Treatment Influence on Rheological Properties of Coal-Water Fuel Based on Low-Grade 3B Coal

Experimental study of mechanical treatment effect of rotary flow modulation device on coal-water fuel rheological properties were conducted. The slurry was prepared on the basis of low-grade 3B coal from Balakhtinskoe deposit

Bedforms, coastal-trapped waves, and scour process observations from the continental shelf of the northern Black Sea

The Black Sea basin presents an ideal laboratory for investigations of morphodynamic interplay between response (morphology) and force (processes) associated with shelf sedimentation. Recent studies along the perimeter of the basin have documented the existence of a complex, heterogeneous seafloor varyingly composed of sand, gravel, silt, and clay. Side-scan sonar data are utilized to establish the spatial patterns of bedform types in the area. In addition, a benthic tripod, confi gured with an acoustic Doppler current profi ler, a rotary fanbeam sonar, and a conductivity-temperature sensor was deployed to record seabed dynamics in response to changing forcing conditions. Together, the tripod and side-scan survey data sets provide a complementary basis for deciphering the processes responsible for the observed seafloor morphology. The side-scan sonar data allows for the determination of spatial patterns of bedform length and orientation. In total, 2376 individual large sand wave bedforms were digitized in geographic information systems with mean and modal wavelengths of 72.8 and 15.7 m respectively. The correlation of near-inertial waves (velocity amplitude 12-20 cm/s and period 12-16 h) and bedform geometry suggest that the extensive sand-wave patches imaged across the shelf are affected by active modern processes and may themselves be modern features or perhaps relict features that remain active presently. Progressive vector diagrams of the nearbed mean current flow indicate a component of cross-shelf directed flow suggesting an enhanced potential for artifact preservation via cross-shelf advection of anoxic bottom waters by the near-inertial flows measured in this study. © 2011 Geological Society of America