1,030 research outputs found
PHP74 Submission of New Drug Reimbursement and Pricing Applications to National Health Insurance (NHI) of Taiwan, Meeting Outcomes of the Drug Benefit Committee
Relating c<0 and c>0 Conformal Field Theories
A `canonical mapping' is established between the c=-1 system of bosonic
ghosts and the c=2 complex scalar theory and, a similar mapping between the
c=-2 system of fermionic ghosts and the c=1 Dirac theory. The existence of this
mapping is suggested by the identity of the characters of the respective
theories. The respective c0 theories share the same space of states,
whereas the spaces of conformal fields are different. Upon this mapping from
their c0) complex scalar and the Dirac theories inherit
hidden nonlocal sl(2) symmetries.Comment: 23 pages, harvma
Expression of anion exchanger 2 in human gastric cancer
Anion exchanger 2 (AE2), which mediates exchange of Cl-/HCO3- across the plasma membrane, is widely expressed in body tissues. It is most abundantly expressed in stomach and is responsible for the uptake of Cl- ions that are destined to become HCl molecules. Aim: To determine whether AE2 expression was altered in gastric tumors. Methods: We have studied AE2 expression in normal human gastric tissues (n =16) and in gastric tumors (n = 33) using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescent labeling. Results: In normal gastric tissue positive staining was observed in gastric fundus gland, suggesting parietal cell-related expression of AE2, and AE2 expression was localized in the nuclear membrane and even in cell nuclei. For assay of cancerous gastric tissues, specimens of human gastric cancer arising from the region of the fundus (2 cases), the body (14 cases) and the antrum (17 cases) were randomly selected. Immunohistochemical staining has showed that AE2 was down-regulated in all 14 cancerous gastric body specimens, whereas staining for AE2 in cancerous antrum was less intense and had a diffuse profile. Conclusions: The data suggest that AE2 might be associated with gastric carcinogenesis and the achlorhydria experienced by gastric cancer patients.ΠΠ½ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊ 2 (ΠΠ2), ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ Cl-
/HCO3
-
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ, ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΠ°Π½Π΅ΠΉ. Π‘Π°ΠΌΡΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ2 Π² ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ ΡΡΠΎΡ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Cl-
, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ HCl. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ: ΠΠ·ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ2 ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ΅
ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ: ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ2 Π² Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΡ
(n = 16) ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° (n = 33) Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ: Π² Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° Π² ΡΡΠ½Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π΅Π·Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ± ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ2 ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ,
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ2 Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π² ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅. Π ΠΎΠΏΡΡ
ΠΎΠ»ΡΡ
ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° (ΡΡΠ½Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π° (n =
2), ΡΠ΅Π»Π° (n = 14) ΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π° (n = 17)), ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ2.
ΠΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ2 Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
14 ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π»Π° ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠ2 Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° Π°Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π° ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ·Π½ΡΠΌ. ΠΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ: ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠ2 ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π°Ρ
Π»ΠΎΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ,
ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ°
Pheromonal predisposition to social parasitism in the honeybee Apis mellifera capensis
In honeybees, worker reproduction is mainly regulated by pheromones produced by the brood and the queen. The source of one of the queen pheromones influencing worker reproduction has been located in the mandibular glands. In nonlaying workers, this gland's profile is dominated by fatty acids that are incorporated into the food given to the brood and to nest mates. After queen loss and onset of reproductive activity, workers are able to synthesize different fatty acids, which are normally only produced by queens and that contribute to their reproductive success. Apis mellifera capensis workers have the ability to rapidly produce queen-like mandibular profiles that could represent an important factor in their ability to behave as facultative intraspecific social parasites. Indeed, A. m. capensis workers can take over reproduction from the host queens in colonies of other subspecies. Here, we show that in the presence of their own queen, the mandibular gland profile of A. m. capensis workers is dominated by the precursor of the major compound of the queen pheromone. This is a unique trait among honeybee workers and suggests that A. m. capensis workers are primed for reproduction and that this phenomenon represents a pheromonal predisposition to social parasitism. We identified geographical variation in the ratio of queen- to worker-specific compounds in the mandibular gland profile of A. m. capensis workers, which corresponds with the introgression with the neighboring subspecies A. m. scutellat
PMS38 Outpatient Medical Costs, Indirect Costs, and Family Burden of Osteoporosis Fracture in China
Study of the 3-Nucleon System: d+p Breakup Measurements at E_d = 80 MeV
This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Grant NSF PHY 81-14339 and by Indiana Universit
Cost-effectiveness of influenza immunization in adult cancer patients in Taiwan
AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the influenza vaccine among cancer patients in Taiwan. We determined the effect of immunization on the following outcomes of disease: hospitalizations, emergency department visits, hospital out-patient visits, physician office visits, and deaths. Cost-effectiveness was analysed from the perspectives of the healthcare system and society. A decision tree was used, with estimates of disease burden and costs based on data from published and unpublished sources. The model followed 34 112 cancer patients aged 20β64 years who were registered by the Taiwan National Cancer Registry in 2002. An influenza immunization programme for the cancer population would prevent 2555 cases of all types of influenza infection, 660 of which would be serious cases involving hospitalization, emergency department visits and death. From the perspective of the healthcare system, the programme would cost US5.4 million. From a societal perspective, the programme would cost US22.3 million. This corresponds to savings of US6338 per case averted, from healthcare and societal perspectives, respectively, as well as 110 lives saved. Lesser disease burden, greater vaccine efficacy and lower cost of hospitalizations increased cost-effectiveness. Influenza immunization for cancer patients is cost-saving and cost-effective from a healthcare and societal perspective in Taiwan. We highly recommend annual influenza vaccinations for this patient group
Switching model with two habitats and a predator involving group defence
Switching model with one predator and two prey species is considered. The
prey species have the ability of group defence. Therefore, the predator will be
attracted towards that habitat where prey are less in number. The stability
analysis is carried out for two equilibrium values. The theoretical results are
compared with the numerical results for a set of values. The Hopf bifuracation
analysis is done to support the stability results
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