Relating c<0 and c>0 Conformal Field Theories

A `canonical mapping' is established between the c=-1 system of bosonic ghosts and the c=2 complex scalar theory and, a similar mapping between the c=-2 system of fermionic ghosts and the c=1 Dirac theory. The existence of this mapping is suggested by the identity of the characters of the respective theories. The respective c0 theories share the same space of states, whereas the spaces of conformal fields are different. Upon this mapping from their c0) complex scalar and the Dirac theories inherit hidden nonlocal sl(2) symmetries.Comment: 23 pages, harvma

Expression of anion exchanger 2 in human gastric cancer

Anion exchanger 2 (AE2), which mediates exchange of Cl-/HCO3- across the plasma membrane, is widely expressed in body tissues. It is most abundantly expressed in stomach and is responsible for the uptake of Cl- ions that are destined to become HCl molecules. Aim: To determine whether AE2 expression was altered in gastric tumors. Methods: We have studied AE2 expression in normal human gastric tissues (n =16) and in gastric tumors (n = 33) using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescent labeling. Results: In normal gastric tissue positive staining was observed in gastric fundus gland, suggesting parietal cell-related expression of AE2, and AE2 expression was localized in the nuclear membrane and even in cell nuclei. For assay of cancerous gastric tissues, specimens of human gastric cancer arising from the region of the fundus (2 cases), the body (14 cases) and the antrum (17 cases) were randomly selected. Immunohistochemical staining has showed that AE2 was down-regulated in all 14 cancerous gastric body specimens, whereas staining for AE2 in cancerous antrum was less intense and had a diffuse profile. Conclusions: The data suggest that AE2 might be associated with gastric carcinogenesis and the achlorhydria experienced by gastric cancer patients.Анионный обменник 2 (АЕ2), который опосредует перенос Cl- /HCO3 - через плазматическую мембрану, экспрессируется клетками разных тканей. Самый высокий уровень экспрессии АЕ2 в желудке, поскольку этот белок отвечает за поглощение ионов Cl- , которые впоследствии используются для секреции HCl. Цель: Изучить изменения в экспрессии АЕ2 при раке желудка. Методы: исследована экспрессия АЕ2 в нормальных тканях (n = 16) и опухолях желудка (n = 33) с применением методов иммуногистохимии и иммунофлуоресценции. Результаты: в нетрансформированной ткани желудка в фундальной железе выявляли сильную положительную реакцию, что свидетельствует об экспрессии АЕ2 париетальными клетками, причем экспрессия АЕ2 была локализирована в ядерной мембране и в ядре. В опухолях желудка (фундального отдела (n = 2), тела (n = 14) и антрального отдела (n = 17)), отобранных случайным образом, был проведен анализ экспрессии АЕ2. Иммуногистохимическое исследование показало снижение экспрессии АЕ2 во всех 14 случаях рака тела желудка. Окрашивание АЕ2 в образцах рака антрального отдела желудка было менее интенсивным и диффузным. Выводы: полученные данные позволяют предположить наличие связи между экспрессией АЕ2 и развитием рака желудка, а также ахлоргидрией, отмечаемой у больных раком желудка

Pheromonal predisposition to social parasitism in the honeybee Apis mellifera capensis

In honeybees, worker reproduction is mainly regulated by pheromones produced by the brood and the queen. The source of one of the queen pheromones influencing worker reproduction has been located in the mandibular glands. In nonlaying workers, this gland's profile is dominated by fatty acids that are incorporated into the food given to the brood and to nest mates. After queen loss and onset of reproductive activity, workers are able to synthesize different fatty acids, which are normally only produced by queens and that contribute to their reproductive success. Apis mellifera capensis workers have the ability to rapidly produce queen-like mandibular profiles that could represent an important factor in their ability to behave as facultative intraspecific social parasites. Indeed, A. m. capensis workers can take over reproduction from the host queens in colonies of other subspecies. Here, we show that in the presence of their own queen, the mandibular gland profile of A. m. capensis workers is dominated by the precursor of the major compound of the queen pheromone. This is a unique trait among honeybee workers and suggests that A. m. capensis workers are primed for reproduction and that this phenomenon represents a pheromonal predisposition to social parasitism. We identified geographical variation in the ratio of queen- to worker-specific compounds in the mandibular gland profile of A. m. capensis workers, which corresponds with the introgression with the neighboring subspecies A. m. scutellat

Study of the 3-Nucleon System: d+p Breakup Measurements at E_d = 80 MeV

This work was supported by the National Science Foundation Grant NSF PHY 81-14339 and by Indiana Universit

Cost-effectiveness of influenza immunization in adult cancer patients in Taiwan

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the influenza vaccine among cancer patients in Taiwan. We determined the effect of immunization on the following outcomes of disease: hospitalizations, emergency department visits, hospital out-patient visits, physician office visits, and deaths. Cost-effectiveness was analysed from the perspectives of the healthcare system and society. A decision tree was used, with estimates of disease burden and costs based on data from published and unpublished sources. The model followed 34 112 cancer patients aged 20–64 years who were registered by the Taiwan National Cancer Registry in 2002. An influenza immunization programme for the cancer population would prevent 2555 cases of all types of influenza infection, 660 of which would be serious cases involving hospitalization, emergency department visits and death. From the perspective of the healthcare system, the programme would cost US$7.7 million, providing net savings of US$5.4 million. From a societal perspective, the programme would cost US$28.6 million, providing net savings of US$22.3 million. This corresponds to savings of US$2107 and US$6338 per case averted, from healthcare and societal perspectives, respectively, as well as 110 lives saved. Lesser disease burden, greater vaccine efficacy and lower cost of hospitalizations increased cost-effectiveness. Influenza immunization for cancer patients is cost-saving and cost-effective from a healthcare and societal perspective in Taiwan. We highly recommend annual influenza vaccinations for this patient group

Switching model with two habitats and a predator involving group defence

Switching model with one predator and two prey species is considered. The prey species have the ability of group defence. Therefore, the predator will be attracted towards that habitat where prey are less in number. The stability analysis is carried out for two equilibrium values. The theoretical results are compared with the numerical results for a set of values. The Hopf bifuracation analysis is done to support the stability results