836 research outputs found
Anatomy of Zero-norm States in String Theory
We calculate and identify the counterparts of zero-norm states in the old
covariant first quantised (OCFQ) spectrum of open bosonic string in two other
quantization schemes of string theory, namely the light-cone DDF zero-norm
states and the off-shell BRST zero-norm states (with ghost) in the Witten
string field theory (WSFT). In particular, special attention is paid to the
inter-particle zero-norm states in all quantization schemes. For the case of
the off-shell BRST zero-norm states, we impose the no ghost conditions and
recover exactly two types of on-shell zero-norm states in the OCFQ string
spectrum for the first few low-lying mass levels. We then show that off-shell
gauge transformations of WSFT are identical to the on-shell stringy gauge
symmetries generated by two types of zero-norm states in the generalized
massive sigma-model approach of string theory. The high energy limit of these
stringy gauge symmetries was recently used to calculate the proportionality
constants, conjectured by Gross, among high energy scattering amplitudes of
different string states. Based on these zero-norm state calculations, we have
thus related gauge symmetry of WSFT to the high-energy stringy symmetry of
Gross.Comment: 30 page
Zero-norm states and stringy symmetries
We identify spacetime symmetry charges of 26D open bosonic string theory from
an infinite number of zero-norm states (ZNS) with arbitrary high spin in the
old covariant first quantized string spectrum. We give various evidences to
support this identification. These include massive sigma-model calculation,
Witten string field theory calculation, 2D string theory calculation and, most
importantly, three methods of high-energy stringy scattering amplitude
calculations. The last calculations explicitly prove Gross's conjectures in
1988 on high energy symmetry of string theory.Comment: 6 pages. Talks presented by Jen-Chi Lee at XXVIII Spanish Relativity
Meeting (ERE2005),"A Century of Relativity Physics",Oviedo,Spain,6-10 Sep
2005 and "4th Meeting on constrained Dynamics and Quantum Gravity",Cala
Gonone,Sardinia,Italy,12-16 Sep 2005. To appear in the Journal of Physics:
Conference Serie
High-energy zero-norm states and symmetries of string theory
High-energy limit of zero-norm states (HZNS) in the old covariant first
quantized (OCFQ) spectrum of the 26D open bosonic string, together with the
assumption of a smooth behavior of string theory in this limit, are used to
derive infinitely many linear relations among the leading high-energy, fixed
angle behavior of four point functions of different string states. As a result,
ratios among all high-energy scattering amplitudes of four arbitrary string
states can be calculated algebraically and the leading order amplitudes can be
expressed in terms of that of four tachyons as conjectured by Gross in 1988. A
dual calculation can also be performed and equivalent results are obtained by
taking the high-energy limit of Virasoro constraints. Finally, as a consistent
sample calculation, we compute all high-energy scattering amplitudes of three
tachyons and one massive state at the leading order by saddle-point
approximation to justify our results.Comment: 10 pages, no figure, modifications of text and reference
Voxel-based analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient in perihaematomal oedema: associated factors and outcome predictive value for intracerebral haemorrhage
Notes on High Energy Limit of Bosonic Closed String Scattering Amplitudes
We study bosonic closed string scattering amplitudes in the high-energy
limit. We find that the methods of decoupling of high-energy zero-norm states
and the high-energy Virasoro constraints, which were adopted in the previous
works to calculate the ratios among high-energy open string scattering
amplitudes of different string states, persist for the case of closed string.
However, we clarify the previous saddle-point calculation for high-energy open
string scattering amplitudes and claim that only (t,u) channel of the
amplitudes is suitable for saddle-point calculation. We then discuss three
evidences to show that saddle-point calculation for high-energy closed string
scattering amplitudes is not reliable. By using the relation of tree-level
closed and open string scattering amplitudes of Kawai, Lewellen and Tye (KLT),
we calculate the high-energy closed string scattering amplitudes for arbitrary
mass levels. For the case of high-energy closed string four-tachyon amplitude,
our result differs from the previous one of Gross and Mende, which is NOT
consistent with KLT formula, by an oscillating factor.Comment: 14 pages, no figure. Equations and Conclusion adde
The nucleolar protein NIFK promotes cancer progression via CK1α/β-catenin in metastasis and Ki-67-dependent cell proliferation.
Nucleolar protein interacting with the FHA domain of pKi-67 (NIFK) is a Ki-67-interacting protein. However, its precise function in cancer remains largely uninvestigated. Here we show the clinical significance and metastatic mechanism of NIFK in lung cancer. NIFK expression is clinically associated with poor prognosis and metastasis. Furthermore, NIFK enhances Ki-67-dependent proliferation, and promotes migration, invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo via downregulation of casein kinase 1α (CK1α), a suppressor of pro-metastatic TCF4/β-catenin signaling. Inversely, CK1α is upregulated upon NIFK knockdown. The silencing of CK1α expression in NIFK-silenced cells restores TCF4/β-catenin transcriptional activity, cell migration, and metastasis. Furthermore, RUNX1 is identified as a transcription factor of CSNK1A1 (CK1α) that is negatively regulated by NIFK. Our results demonstrate the prognostic value of NIFK, and suggest that NIFK is required for lung cancer progression via the RUNX1-dependent CK1α repression, which activates TCF4/β-catenin signaling in metastasis and the Ki-67-dependent regulation in cell proliferation
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